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Embryology Term 1 > Intro Embryology > Flashcards

Intro Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What signifies the beginning of Gastrulation?

A

The formation of the primitive streak

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2
Q

The primitive streak becomes which end of the embryo?

A

The caudal end

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3
Q

What happens during Gastrulation?

A
  • Formation of the trilaminar disc
  • Cells from epiblast migrate towards the primitive streak, break off, and dive under it, ending up between the epiblast and hypoblast
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4
Q

What do streak cells produce that downregulates E-cadherin, allowing the epiblast cells to migrate?

A

FGF8

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5
Q

What two layers do the invaginated cells become during gastrulation?

A

Endoderm and mesoderm

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6
Q

What is the source of all three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)?

A

The Epiblast

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7
Q

What becomes of the epiblast cells that invaginate at the primitive node and proceed directly rostrally? What do we call these cells?

A

They form the notocord. Called Prenotochordal cells.

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8
Q

What two layers make up the notochordal plate?

A

Ectoderm and mesoderm

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9
Q

When does the notochordal plate become the definitive notochord?

A

When the hypoblast is replaced by endodermal cells moving in from the primitive streak

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10
Q

What becomes of the notochord in adults?

A
  • disappears
  • probably serves as scaffolding for Formation of vertebrae
  • Nucleus pulposus
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11
Q

What forms if the connection of the endoderm to the ectoderm at the notochordal plate does not separate and form mesoderm between?

A

a neurenteric canal

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12
Q

What induces neurulation?

A

Appearance of the notochord

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13
Q

What is the neural plate?

A
  • forms at beginning of neurulation

- a thickening of the ectoderm in response to signals form the notochord

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14
Q

What are the cells of the neural plate called?

A

the neuroectoderm

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15
Q

When do somites appear?

A

20 days

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16
Q

What are neural folds?

A

-elevated edges of neural plate, which move towards the midline to fuse, creating the neural tube

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17
Q

When do the neural folds form?

A

Week 3

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18
Q

What is the depression of the mid region between the neural folds called?

A

the neural groove

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19
Q

How is the neural tube created?

A

it is formed by the fusion of the edges of the neural folds

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20
Q

Where does folding of the neural tube begin?

A

in the 5th somite

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21
Q

When does the caudal neuropore of the neural tube finish forming?

A

e27

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22
Q

What becomes the forebrain and midbrain?

A

The cranial neural plate

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23
Q

When does the cranial neuropore close?

A

e25

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24
Q

What two conditions are results of failure of the caudal neuropore to close?

A
  • Spina bifida

- Spina bifida occulta

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25
Q

What two conditions are results of failure of the cranial neuropore to close?

A
  • Anencephaly

- Encephalocele

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26
Q

Where does the neural crest come from?

A

The crests of the neural folds of the ectoderm

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27
Q

What occurs during week 1 of early development?

A
  • Ovulation
  • Fertilization
  • Cleavage
  • Morula, Blastocyst
  • Implantation
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28
Q

What anatomical structure sweeps the female oocyte into the fallopian tube?

A

Fimbriae

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29
Q

Where does fertilization occur in humans?

A

The ampullary region of the fallopian tube

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30
Q

What are the three steps of fertilization?

A
  1. Capacitation2. Acrosome reaction3. Fusion of sperm and oocyte membranes
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31
Q

What is capacitation?

A

-Sperm conditioning-allows Sperm to enter zona radiata

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32
Q

What is the acrosome reaction?

A

-a protein reaction induced after Sperm binds to the zona pellucida

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33
Q

How can STD’s influence the successful migration of the fertilized egg?

A
  • Purulent infection in the fallopian tubes

- can cause narrowing or occlusion of the fallopian tube

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34
Q

After how many days post fertilization does the morula form?

A

3 days

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35
Q

What do the inner cells of the morula form?

A

The embryo

36
Q

What to the outer cells of the morula form?

A

The trophoblast

37
Q

When is the embryo considered a blastocyst?

A

When a cavity forms

38
Q

What does it mean for the blastocyst to ‘hatch’?

A

The blastocyst is surrounded by zona pellucida. It hatches from the zona pellucida so that it may impant into the endometrium

39
Q

How many days after fertilization does it take for the blastocyst to form?

40
Q

What causes placenta previa?

A

Implantation of the blastocyst near the cervix

41
Q

What two layers does the trophoblast differentiate into?

A
  1. Cytotrophoblast (Inner)2. Syncytiotrophoblast (Outer)
42
Q

What does the Syncytiotrophoblast do?

A
  • Makes HCG

- Erodes into maternal endometrium

43
Q

What does Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HGC) do?

A

-Its a glycoprotein that maintains the corpus luteum to maintain progesterone production

44
Q

What is a hydratiform mole?

A

A benign abnormal growth of the trophoblast

45
Q

What two layers does the embryoblast differentiate into?

A
  1. Hypoblast2. Epiblast
46
Q

What two cavities are formed in week 2 of embryonic development?

A
  1. Chorionic Cavity2. Amniotic Cavity
47
Q

What two layers are formed by the extra-embryonic mesoderm?

A
  1. Extra-embryonic somatopleuric mesoderm2. Extra-embryonic splanchnopleuric mesoderm
48
Q

Which extra-embryonic mesoderm is next to the yolk sac?

A

Splanchopleuric

49
Q

What cavity is contained between the splanchopleuric and somatopleuric mesoderm?

A

Chorionic cavity

50
Q

What produces cells that migrate along the inside of the exocoelomic membrane and create the secondary/definitive yolk sac?

A

The Hypoblast

51
Q

What embryonic structure gives rise to the umbilical cord, and from what tissue does this structure derive?

A

The connecting stalk, from the extraembryonic mesoderm

52
Q

What does the TGF-Beta family do in gastrulation?

A

Induces formation of the primitive streak

53
Q

What initially secretes Shh in gastrulation? Then what secretes it?

A

The primitive noteThenNotochord and floorplate of neural tube

54
Q

What does Shh induce?

A
  • formation of the neural plate

- Gradient is a major factor in differentiation of several types of cells

55
Q

What secretes BMP*4?

A

The roof plate of the neural tube

56
Q

What results from BMP*4 expression?

A

Ventralization of the mesoderm

57
Q

What transcription factors cause the left sided differentiation of cells?

A
  • Shh
  • Nodal
  • Lefty
58
Q

What activates nodal and lefty expression?

59
Q

How do cells know which side is left?

A

cilia in nodal cells beat right to left, creating a flow of amniotic fluid

60
Q

What transcription factor is expressed on the right side of the developing embryo?

61
Q

What is situs inversus?

A

Embryo develops as a mirror image of normal-No symptoms in complete cases

62
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

a true tumor composed of multiple tissues foreign to the part where it arises, contains all three germ lines

63
Q

What is a malignant sacrococcygeal Teratoma called?

A

Yolk sac tumor

64
Q

What gene regulates dorsal mesoderm formation in the mid and caudal embryo?

A

Brachyury (T) gene

65
Q

What is the result of deficiency in Brachyury gene?

A

Caudal dysgenesis or Caudal regression

66
Q

What is imperforate anus?

A

a common and less severe form of caudal regression

67
Q

What is the paraxial mesoderm?

A

The lateral edge of the primitive node and cranial end of the primitive streak

68
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm form?

A

Somitomeres

69
Q

What are somitomeres?

A
  • rounded, whorl-like structures that are paired

- form somites

70
Q

What embryonic day are somites clear?

71
Q

How many pairs of somites are added per day?

72
Q

What tissues develop from the Mesoderm?

A
  • Cartilage, bone, muscle
  • Blood & lymph
  • Walls of Blood vessels and heart-Genitourinary system-Spleen
73
Q

What happens to somites in the 4th embryonic week?

A
  • Their ventral and medial Walls loosen to become a sclerotome
  • dorsal wall forms dermamyotome
74
Q

What does the sclerotome become?

75
Q

What does the dermamyotome become?

A

Muscle and Dermis (Not epidermis)

76
Q

What happens to the dorsomedial portion of the dermamyotome?

A

it migrates inside to become back muscles

77
Q

What happens to the dorsolateral portion of the dermamyotome?

A

migrates to become the precursor of limb and body wall musculature

78
Q

From where does the dermis arise?

A

The paraxial mesoderm

79
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm become?

A

Urogenital structures

80
Q

What are the two layers that the lateral plate mesoderm becomes?

A

1) Somatic/parietal mesoderm2) Splanchnic/visceral mesoderm

81
Q

What cavity is formed by the two layers of the lateral plate mesoderm?

A

Intraembryonic Body cavity

82
Q

What becomes of the visceral layer of the lateral plate mesoderm?

A

it will cover organs

83
Q

What becomes of the parietal layer of the lateral plate mesoderm?

A

it will line the intraembryonic cavity, forming the lateral and ventral body wall

84
Q

What is the main organ derived from the endoderm?

A

The GI tract

85
Q

How much should a fetus weigh after 40 weeks of gestation?

86
Q

What are the functions of the placenta?

A
  • Exchange of gases
  • Exchange of nutrients and electrolytes
  • Transmission of maternal antibodies
  • Hormone production
87
Q

What three things are present in the primitive umbilical ring?

A
  1. Connecting stalk2. Yolk “stalk” (Connection w/ yolk sac)3. Connection to chorionic cavity

Embryology Term 1 (4 decks)

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