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Psych: Neuroscience > Intro & Basics > Flashcards

Intro & Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

Primary processors of neural signals

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2
Q

What do Neuroglia support?

A

Support the electrical and chemical functions of neurons

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3
Q

Vascular endothelium

A

Provides for the supply of blood to brain tissue

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4
Q

Fundamental unit of function in the CNS

A

Neurons

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5
Q

3 zones of functional microanatomy of neurons

A

Input zone: Dendrites, Cell Body
Conducting Zone: Axon
Output Zone: Synapses, Axon Terminal

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6
Q

Dendrite

A

A neuronal process arising from the nerve cell body that receives synaptic input.

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7
Q

Morphology of the dendrite gives some insight into…

A

The functional properties of those cells and the class of neuron

Example: the absence of dendritic spines (smoothness) is evidence of an inhibitory effect on the cells that they make synaptic connections to.

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8
Q

Axon

A

The neuronal process that carries the action potential from the nerve cell body to a target.

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9
Q

electrical synapses

A

Synapses that transmit information via the direct flow of electrical current at gap junctions.

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10
Q

chemical synapses

A

Synapses that transmit information via the secretion of chemical signals (neurotransmitters).

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11
Q

gray matter refers to

A

any accumulation of cell bodies and neuropil in the brain and spinal cord (e.g., nuclei or cortices)

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12
Q

What is white matter

A

refers to areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that are mainly made up of myelinated axons

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13
Q

Give 4 examples of different classes of neurons

A

Cortical pyramidal cell
Retinal bipolar cell
Cerebellar Purkinje cells
Retinal Ganglion cells

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14
Q

Afferent

A

A neuron or axon that conducts action potentials from the periphery toward the central nervous system (coming in to CNS)

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15
Q

Efferent

A

A neuron or axon that conducts information away from the central nervous system toward the periphery

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16
Q

Interneuron

A

AKA: local circuit neuron.

Technically, a neuron in the pathway between primary sensory and primary effector neurons;

more generally, a neuron whose relatively short axons branch locally to innervate other neurons.

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17
Q

Brainstem is comprised of

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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18
Q

diencephalon
(location)
(Comprises)

A

Portion of the brain that lies just rostral to the midbrain; comprises the thalamus and hypothalamus

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19
Q

Rostral

A

Anterior, or “headward.”

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20
Q

anterior

A

Toward the front;

sometimes used as a synonym for rostral, and sometimes as a synonym for ventral.

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21
Q

caudal

A

Posterior, or “tailward.”

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22
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the back;

sometimes used as a synonym for caudal or dorsal.

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23
Q

Neuroglia provides these functions for the brain:

A
  • Support the metabolic and signaling functions of neurons
  • Participates in neuron circuit formation and synaptic plasticity
  • Make myelin (axonal insulation)
  • Contribute to formation of blood-brain barrier
  • Participate in inflammatory response in injured neural tissue
  • Contribute to the formation of scar tissue in damaged brain and spinal cord
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24
Q

Types of glial cells

A

Astrocyte
Oligodendrocyte
Microglial Cells

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25
Q

Astrocyte
(Found in)
(Assists with)
(Contributes to)

A

Found
+in gray matter

Assists with
+ionic balance of extracellular fluids,
+Take-up and process neurotransmitters from synaptic clefts
+formation of new synapses and circuits

Contributes to
+formation of blood-brain barrier and brain-ependymal barrier
+scar formation in necrotic neural tissue following injury

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26
Q

Oligodendrocyte
(Found in)
(Present)
(Subject to)

A
  • Found in white matter and form myelin
  • Present antigens that influence the outgrowth of axons in developing and recovering brain
  • Subject to immunological attack in diseases of the CNS (e.g., multiple sclerosis)
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27
Q

Myelin

A
  • Insulate axons by with layers of membrane that wrap around axon segments
  • Decreases “leakiness” of the membrane, making the current more efficient
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28
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps between myelin segments that allow for the economical concentration of ion channels and ion pumps that are necessary for electrical signaling in axons.

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29
Q

Microglial cells

what are they and what are they derived from?

A
  • Special type of mononuclear phagocyte that resides in the CNS
  • Derived from hematopoietic precursor cells that migrate into the brain during development
30
Q

Phagocyte

A

A type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles

31
Q

Haematopoiesis

A

The formation of blood cellular components

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the stem cells that give rise to other blood cells.

32
Q

Microglial cells exist in two forms

A

Amoeboid (activated state) and ramified (dormant state)

33
Q

Activated microglia secrete…

A

Cytokines (signaling molecules) that modulate local inflammatory responses

34
Q

Glial stem cells

A

Subset of astrocytes located near the ventricles

May give rise to more stem cells, mature astrocytes or oligodendrocytes, or mature neurons

35
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Specialized permeability barrier between capillary endothelium and extracellular space in neural tissue

36
Q

Blood-brain barrier is formed by

A

Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells and surrounded by astrocytic foot processes

37
Q

Blood-brain barrier excludes

A

Large water soluble molecules from freely diffusing into the central nervous system as well as certain pathological microbes and toxic compounds that might otherwise enter the brain

38
Q

Superior (dorsal)

A

Top part

39
Q

Inferior (Ventral)

A

Lower part

40
Q

cephalic flexure with regard to direction

A

Brainstem runs off at a 120 degree angle relative to the plain of the forebrain. Below this point of flexure positional terms are applied a different way

41
Q

Neuron classification by shape

A

Unipolar-have one process that includes both the axon and dendrite.

Bipolar-have two processes, the axon and a dendrite.

Multipolar cells-more than two processes, the axon and two or more dendrites.

42
Q

Unipolar cells in humans

A

True unipolar cells are only found in invertebrate animals, so the unipolar cells in humans are more appropriately called “pseudo-unipolar” cells. Invertebrate unipolar cells do not have dendrites. Human unipolar cells have an axon that emerges from the cell body, but it splits so that the axon can extend along a very long distance.

43
Q

Bipolar cells are found in…

A

in the olfactory epithelium (where smell stimuli are sensed), and as part of the retina.

Bipolar cells are not very common.

44
Q

In the peripheral nervous system, the cells that elaborate myelin are called

A

Schwann cells

45
Q

Neuropil

A

the region between nerve cell bodies where most synaptic connectivity occurs.

46
Q

neural circuits

A

Organization of neurons working together to provide the foundation of sensation, perception and behavior.

47
Q

A simple example of a neural circuit is the ensemble of cells that subserves the

A

myotatic spinal reflex (the “knee-jerk” reflex

48
Q

two basic approaches to measuring the electrical activity of a nerve cell

A

extracellular recording (also referred to as single-unit recording),

intracellular recording

49
Q

Extracellular recordings primarily detect

A

action potentials

50
Q

action potential

A

The electrical signal conducted along axons (or muscle fibers) by which information is conveyed from one place to another in the nervous system.

51
Q

Intracellular recordings can detect

A

smaller, graded potential changes that trigger action potentials,

These graded triggering potentials can arise at either sensory receptors or synapses and are called receptor potentials or synaptic potentials, respectively

52
Q

The central nervous system comprises the

A

Brain and spinal cord

53
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes the

A

sensory neurons that link sensory receptors on the body surface or deeper within it with relevant processing circuits in the central nervous system

54
Q

Systems of he peripheral nervous system

A

Autonomic (Visceral) Nervous System

Somatic Nervous system

55
Q

Peripheral axons are gathered into bundles called_____;

A

nerves

56
Q

Those nerve cell bodies that reside in the peripheral nervous system are located in _____

A

Ganglia

57
Q

In the central nervous system, nerve cells are arranged in two different ways.

A

Nuclei: local accumulations of neurons having roughly similar connections and functions

Cortex (cortices): sheet-like arrays of nerve cells

58
Q

autonomic nervous system
(consists of)
(concerned with)

A

Consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

concerned with the regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

59
Q

parasympathetic nervous system ganglia are found…

A

within the organs they innervate.

60
Q

Sympathetic nervous system ganglia lie along or in front of the ________ and send their axons to _______

A

vertebral column;

a variety of peripheral targets

61
Q

enteric system

A

made up of small ganglia as well as individual neurons scattered throughout the wall of the gut.

62
Q

7 parts of the CNS

A
  1. spinal cord,
  2. medulla,
  3. pons,
  4. cerebellum,
  5. midbrain,
  6. diencephalon,
  7. cerebral hemispheres
63
Q

Ventricles

A

fluid-filled spaces

64
Q

What structures surround the 4th ventricle?

A

Medulla and pons

65
Q

encloses the 3rd and lateral ventricles

A

diencephalon and cerebral hemispheres

66
Q

What are the three types of brainstem motor nuclei and what do they project to?

A

somatic motor nuclei: project to striated muscles

branchial motor nuclei: project to muscles derived from embryonic structures

visceral motor nuclei: project to peripheral ganglia that innervate smooth muscle or glandular targets

67
Q

Explain how the myotatic reflex functions

A

knee-jerk response

Hammer tap stretches tendonstretches sensory receptors in leg extensor muscleSensory neuron excites motor neuron in the spinal cord and spinal interneuron which inhibits motor neuron to flexor muscles Motor neuron conducts action potential to synapses on extensor muscle fibers, causing contraction (Flexor muscle relaxes because it was inhibited)Leg Extends

68
Q

Axons in the central nervous system are gathered into

A

Tracts

69
Q

Tracts that cross the midline of the brain are referred to as

A

Commissures

70
Q

Neurons of the enteric system influence _____ and _____

A

gastric motility; secretion.

Psych: Neuroscience (6 decks)

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