intro + axial skeleton Flashcards
1
Q
types of anatomy
A
- macroscopic (gross): study of structures and their relationships
- microscopic (histology): study of tissue and cells
- developmental (embryonic): study of different phases of fetus development
2
Q
approaches in gross anatomy
A
- regional anatomy
- systemic anatomy
- surface anatomy
3
Q
anatomical planes
A
- coronal plane: front and back
- transverse plane: upper and lower
-
median plane: left and right
- saggital: equally divided
- parasaggital: unequally divided
- oblique: any plane that isn’t the 3
4
Q
terms of position
A
- anterior v posterior: in front and behind
- superior v inferior: upper and lower
- medial v lateral: close and away from midline
- proximal v distal: close and away from root (for limbs)
- superficial v deep: close and away from surface
- ipsilateral v contralateral: same and opposite side
- internal v external: inside and outside
- palm v dorsum: palm and back of hand
- plantar v dorsal: sole and back of foot
5
Q
terms of movement
A
- flexion-extension:bend/decrease angle and straighten/increase angle
- abduction-adduction: move away and toward the midline
- lateral-medial rotation: turn away and toward the midline
- supination-pronation: palm up and down
- dorsi flexion-plantar flexion: bend to shin and root of foot
- circumduction: circular movements
- horizontal abduction-horizontal adduction: lift away and toward midline [deviate from anatomical position]
6
Q
layers of skin
A
- epidermis: waterproof layer of epithelial tissue (hair, nails)
- dermis: dense connective tissue (vessels, hair follicle, sweat glands)
-
subcutaneous tissue / hypodermis / superficial fascia: connective tissue
- cutaneous (= sensory) and superficial veins
- connects skin to others
-
deep fascia: dense connective tissue
- wraps whole body (exception: face)
- best in limbs (holds muscles)
7
Q
main body systems
A
-
integumentary system:
- skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, etc
- function: protect against fluid loss, injury, infection
-
skeletal system:
- bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, bone marrow
- function: support and protect organs and body movement
-
nervous system:
- central (brain, spinal cord) and peripheral (spinal nerve, cranial nerve, ganglia)
- function: collect and process information, and regulate function of other systems
-
muscular system:
- skeletal muscles and tendons
- function: locomotion
-
cardiovascular system:
- heart, blood, blood vessels
- function: distribute oxygen, nutrients, chemicals, and pick up deoxygenated blood and tissue waste
-
lymphatic system:
- lymph nodes, spleen, thymus
- function: principle defence mechanism (absorb fat, monitor lymph and blood content)
-
respiratory system:
- airways, pleural membrane
- function: gas exchange between blood and environment
-
digestive system:
- alimentary tract: liver, pancreas, etc
- function: ingestion, digestion, elimination
-
urinary system:
- kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra
- function: blood filtration, water maintenance, ionic balance
-
reproductive system:
- ovary, uterus, vagina, testes, penis
- function: produce gamete, fertilization, incubation, delivery
-
endocrine system:
- pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, gonad
- function: regulate by releasing hormones (work with nervous system)
8
Q
body regions (main and subs)
A
- head (2)
- skull
- face
- neck (0)
- trunk (3)
- chest
- abdomen
- pelvis
- upper limb (5)
- shoulder (- shoulder blade)
- arm (-armpit)
- back
- elbow
- forearm
- hand (- wrist, palm, fingers)
- lower limb (5)
- buttock
- thigh
- knee
- leg
- foot (- ankle, toes)
9
Q
abdominal topographic regions
A
- nine region pattern
- midclavicular lines (vertical)
- subcostal line (horizontal 1)
- transtubercular line (horizontal 2)
- regions:
- epigastric region [1]
- umbilical region [2]
- hypogastric region [3]
- right and left hypocondriac region [4-5]
- right and left lumbar region [6-7]
- right and left inguinal region [8-9]
10
Q
body cavities
A
-
dorsal / body cavity
- cranial cavity (- brain)
- vertebral cavity (- spinal cord)
-
ventral / anterior cavity
-
thoracic cavity
- superior mediastinum (- trachea, esophagus)
- inferior mediastinum (- heart)
- pleural cavity (- lungs)
-
diaphragm
- *barrier between thoracic and abdominal cavity
-
abdominal cavity
- digestive system
- urinary system
-
pelvic cavity
- urinary system
- reproductive system
-
thoracic cavity
*no barrier: can be called abdominopelvic cavity (organs can move between the 2 cavities)
11
Q
principle functions of skeletal system
A
- support and protection: of organs and soft tissues
- muscle attachment: muscles attach to bone and move bone at joints
- mineral storage: in bones (Ca, P)
- production of blood cell lineages: only in red bone marrow
12
Q
bone classification
A
-
long bone: 2 ends and a shaft, where length > width
- arm, thigh, leg, forearm
-
short bone: cuboid shape
- carpal, ankle
-
flat bone: thin, flattened with mild curve
- sternum, ribs, roof of skull, scapula
-
irregular bone: lack specific shape
- vertebra, facial bones
-
sesamoid bone: grow within tendons to reduce friction between tendon and joint, and change direction of pull of muscle
- patella (kneecap)- largest sesamoid bone
13
Q
axial and appendicular skeleton
A
-
axial skeleton: forms skeleton of axis
- skull, cheekbone, sternum, ribs, vertebral column (5)
-
appendicular skeleton: forms skeleton of limbs
- appended to axial s. by shoulder girdle and pelvic girdle
- upper limb: humerus, ulna, radius, carpal, metacarpal, phalanges (6)
- lower limb: femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsal, phalanges (7)
14
Q
the skull
A
- skull = cranium + mandible
- roof of skull called calvaria
- made up of neurocranium (= brain box) and viscerocranium (= facial skeleton)
- bones joined by sutures
- except for mandible: articulates with temporal bone —> temporomandibular joint
15
Q
bones of neurocranium and viscerocranium
A
neurocranium (Pose Tf)
- parietal bone (unpaired)
- occipital bone
- sphenoid bone
- ethmoid bone
- temporal bone (unpaired)
- frontal bone
viscerocranium (Vz Mnm lip)
- vomer (unpaired)
- zygomatic bone
- mandible (unpaired)
- nasal bone
- maxilla
- lacrimal bone
- inferior nasal concha
- palatine bone
