appendicular skeleton and joints

Question 1

Clavicle

Answer 1

• long bone: 2 ends and a shaft
• medial and lateral ends
  
  • medial (= sternal): convex anteriorly, rounded
  • lateral (= acromial): concave anteriorly, flattened
• only bone that appends the upper limbs unto the axial skeleton!
  
  • if fractured, upper limb is turned internally
• acromioclavicular joint (AC): between clavicle and scapula

Question 2

Scapula

Answer 2

• anterior side
  
  • subscapular fossa: concave
  • acromion process
  • coracoid process
  • glenoid cavity: articulate with head of humerus and forms glenohumerus joint
  • superior and lateral border
  • superior and inferior angle
• posterior side
  
  • spine of scapula: divides area into supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa
  • houses the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles

Question 3

Humerus

Answer 3

• long bone: 2 ends (epiphysis) and a shaft (diaphysis)
• superior end
  
  • head: smooth, covered by cartilage
    
    • forms glenohumeral joint
    • with glenoid cavity process of scapula
  • anatomical neck
  • greater and lesser tubercle
  • intertubercular groove: bicep muscle passes through
  • surgical neck: houses axillary nerve
    
    • innervates deltoid muscle = abduction for shoulder joint
  • deltoid tuberosity
  • radial groove: radial nerve passes through [causes dropped wrist]
• inferior end
  
  • radial and coronoid fossa
  • medial and lateral supracondyle ridge, olecranon fossa (posterior)
  • medial and lateral epicondyle
    
    • medial: ‘funny bone’, caused by ulnar nerve behind it
  • capitulum: articulate with head of radius
  • trochlear: articulate with head of ulna

Question 4

Radius and Ulna

Answer 4

• radius: long bone on lateral side
  
  • proximal end:
    
    • head
    • neck
    • radial tuberosity
  • distal end:
    
    • styloid process
    • ulnar notch: articulate with ulnar head [radioulnar joint]
• ulna: long bone on medial side
  
  • proximal end:
    
    • olecranon process (posterior)
    • coronoid process
    • trochlear notch: in between olecranon and coronoid process
    • ulnar tuberosity
  • distal end:
    
    • head
    • styloid process
    • radial notch: articulates with radial head [radioulnar joint]
• interosseous border

*radioulnar joint: for rotational movement (supination-poronation)

Question 5

Hand Bones

Answer 5

• carpals
  
  • scaphoid, lunate, triquetrom, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
  • carpometacarpal joint (5)
• metacarpals (5)
  
  • base, body, head
  • metacarpophalangeal joint (5)
• phalanges (4 fingers + thumb)
  
  • proximal, middle, distal,
  • interphalangeal joints (1 for thumb, 2 for fingers)

Question 6

Hip Bone

Answer 6

• ilium, ischial, pubic, acetabulum
• anterior side:
  
  • iliac crest
  • gluteal surface
  • ASIS and PSIS, AIIS and PIIS
  • greater and lesser sciatic foramen
  • ischial spine
  • ischial tuberosity
  • lunate surface: attaches with hip [sacroiliac joint]
  • pubic crest
  • obturator foramen
  • pubic tubercle
• posterior side:
  
  • medial spine
  • supraspinous and infraspinous fossa
  • superior pubic ramus
  • ischiopubic ramus

Question 7

Pelvis

Answer 7

• RL hip bones + sacrum
• greater false pelvis: digestive organs
  
  • sacral promontory and sacral ala
  • arcuate line, perineal line
  • pubic crest
  • pelvic brim
• lesser true pelvis: reproductive and urinary organs
  
  • pubic symphysis
  • ischiopubic ramus
  • ischial tuberosity
  • sacrotuberous ligament

Question 8

Femur

Answer 8

• long bone: longest in the body
• proximal end:
  
  • head, greater trochanter
  • neck, lesser trochanter
  • intertrochanteric crest and line
• body and line aspera
• distal end:
  
  • adductor tubercle
  • medial lateral epicondyle: separated by patellar surface and intercondyle notch (posterior)
  • patella (largest sesamoid), patellar surface, intercondylar notch (posterior)

Question 9

Tibia and Fibula

Answer 9

• tibia: medial
  
  • tibial tuberosity: goes distal to proximal!
  • medial malleousus
  • fibular notch
• fibula: lateral
  
  • head
  • neck
  • lateral malleousus: can feel on ankle

Question 10

Foot Bones

Answer 10

• tarsal: (p) calcaneus, talon, (i) navicular, (d) cuboid, pid cuneiform
• metatarsal: base, body, head 1-5
• phalangeal: proximal, middle, distal

Question 11

Classification of Joints

Answer 11

• Solid: held with tissue
  
  • Fibrous: held bydense connective tissue
  • suture [s], syndesmosis [a], gomphoid [a]
  • Cartiliganous: held by cartilage
  • synchondroses, symphysis [all a]
• Synovial: held with synovial cavity
  
  • non, uni, bi, multiaxial joints [all d]
• Synarthrosis: no movement
• Ambiarthrosis: little movement
• Diarthrosis: movement

Question 12

Fibrous Joints

Answer 12

• Suture [s]: between bones of the brain (except temporomandibular)
• Syndesmosis [a]: between membrane of tissue
• Gomphosis [a]: only found between mandible and maxilla

Question 13

Cartiliginous Joints

Answer 13

• Syncondroses [a]: hyaline cartilage
• Symphysis [a]: fibrous cartilage, along the midline

Question 14

Types of Synovial Joints

Answer 14

• (0) planar: slide glide, flat, intercarpal
• (1) hinge: flexion, concave convex, elbow
• (1)
• (2)
• (2)
• (2+)

Question 15

Features of Synovial Joints

Answer 15

• fibrous capsule: pocket that holds bone together
  
  • intrinsic ligament: thickening
  • extrinsic ligament (intracapsular, extracapsular)
• synovial membrane: space between bones
• articular cartilage: covers articular processes (hyaline / fibrocartilage)
• joint cavity: space enclosed in fibrous capsule
• bursa: small sac of tissue, avoid friction, inflamed = burcitis
• menisci: increase congruency
• *articular disk:** increase congruency
• glenoid labrum / acetabulum labrum thicker, can be detached in accidents

Question 16

Joints of Trunk and Supportive Ligaments

Question 17

Intervertebral Disc

Question 18

Costovertebral Joints

Question 19

Sternoclavicular Joint

Question 20

Thoracic Joints

Question 21

Joints of Pelvis

Question 22

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

Question 23

Shoulder Joints

Question 24

Elbow Complex