appendicular skeleton and joints Flashcards
1
Q
Clavicle
A
- long bone: 2 ends and a shaft
- medial and lateral ends
- medial (= sternal): convex anteriorly, rounded
- lateral (= acromial): concave anteriorly, flattened
- only bone that appends the upper limbs unto the axial skeleton!
- if fractured, upper limb is turned internally
- acromioclavicular joint (AC): between clavicle and scapula
2
Q
Scapula
A
- anterior side
- subscapular fossa: concave
- acromion process
- coracoid process
- glenoid cavity: articulate with head of humerus and forms glenohumerus joint
- superior and lateral border
- superior and inferior angle
- posterior side
- spine of scapula: divides area into supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa
- houses the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles
3
Q
Humerus
A
- long bone: 2 ends (epiphysis) and a shaft (diaphysis)
- superior end
- head: smooth, covered by cartilage
- forms glenohumeral joint
- with glenoid cavity process of scapula
- anatomical neck
- greater and lesser tubercle
- intertubercular groove: bicep muscle passes through
- surgical neck: houses axillary nerve
- innervates deltoid muscle = abduction for shoulder joint
- deltoid tuberosity
- radial groove: radial nerve passes through [causes dropped wrist]
- head: smooth, covered by cartilage
- inferior end
- radial and coronoid fossa
- medial and lateral supracondyle ridge, olecranon fossa (posterior)
- medial and lateral epicondyle
- medial: ‘funny bone’, caused by ulnar nerve behind it
- capitulum: articulate with head of radius
- trochlear: articulate with head of ulna
4
Q
Radius and Ulna
A
- radius: long bone on lateral side
- proximal end:
- head
- neck
- radial tuberosity
- distal end:
- styloid process
- ulnar notch: articulate with ulnar head [radioulnar joint]
- proximal end:
- ulna: long bone on medial side
- proximal end:
- olecranon process (posterior)
- coronoid process
- trochlear notch: in between olecranon and coronoid process
- ulnar tuberosity
- distal end:
- head
- styloid process
- radial notch: articulates with radial head [radioulnar joint]
- proximal end:
- interosseous border
*radioulnar joint: for rotational movement (supination-poronation)
5
Q
Hand Bones
A
- carpals
- scaphoid, lunate, triquetrom, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
- carpometacarpal joint (5)
- metacarpals (5)
- base, body, head
- metacarpophalangeal joint (5)
- phalanges (4 fingers + thumb)
- proximal, middle, distal,
- interphalangeal joints (1 for thumb, 2 for fingers)
6
Q
Hip Bone
A
- ilium, ischial, pubic, acetabulum
- anterior side:
- iliac crest
- gluteal surface
- ASIS and PSIS, AIIS and PIIS
- greater and lesser sciatic foramen
- ischial spine
- ischial tuberosity
- lunate surface: attaches with hip [sacroiliac joint]
- pubic crest
- obturator foramen
- pubic tubercle
- posterior side:
- medial spine
- supraspinous and infraspinous fossa
- superior pubic ramus
- ischiopubic ramus
7
Q
Pelvis
A
- RL hip bones + sacrum
-
greater false pelvis: digestive organs
- sacral promontory and sacral ala
- arcuate line, perineal line
- pubic crest
- pelvic brim
-
lesser true pelvis: reproductive and urinary organs
- pubic symphysis
- ischiopubic ramus
- ischial tuberosity
- sacrotuberous ligament
8
Q
Femur
A
- long bone: longest in the body
- proximal end:
- head, greater trochanter
- neck, lesser trochanter
- intertrochanteric crest and line
- body and line aspera
- distal end:
- adductor tubercle
- medial lateral epicondyle: separated by patellar surface and intercondyle notch (posterior)
- patella (largest sesamoid), patellar surface, intercondylar notch (posterior)
9
Q
Tibia and Fibula
A
-
tibia: medial
- tibial tuberosity: goes distal to proximal!
- medial malleousus
- fibular notch
-
fibula: lateral
- head
- neck
- lateral malleousus: can feel on ankle
10
Q
Foot Bones
A
- tarsal: (p) calcaneus, talon, (i) navicular, (d) cuboid, pid cuneiform
- metatarsal: base, body, head 1-5
- phalangeal: proximal, middle, distal
11
Q
Classification of Joints
A
- Solid: held with tissue
- Fibrous: held bydense connective tissue
- suture [s], syndesmosis [a], gomphoid [a]
- Cartiliganous: held by cartilage
- synchondroses, symphysis [all a]
- Synovial: held with synovial cavity
- non, uni, bi, multiaxial joints [all d]
- Synarthrosis: no movement
- Ambiarthrosis: little movement
- Diarthrosis: movement
12
Q
Fibrous Joints
A
- Suture [s]: between bones of the brain (except temporomandibular)
- Syndesmosis [a]: between membrane of tissue
- Gomphosis [a]: only found between mandible and maxilla
13
Q
Cartiliginous Joints
A
- Syncondroses [a]: hyaline cartilage
- Symphysis [a]: fibrous cartilage, along the midline
14
Q
Types of Synovial Joints
A
- (0) planar: slide glide, flat, intercarpal
- (1) hinge: flexion, concave convex, elbow
- (1)
- (2)
- (2)
- (2+)
15
Q
Features of Synovial Joints
A
-
fibrous capsule: pocket that holds bone together
- intrinsic ligament: thickening
- extrinsic ligament (intracapsular, extracapsular)
- synovial membrane: space between bones
- articular cartilage: covers articular processes (hyaline / fibrocartilage)
- joint cavity: space enclosed in fibrous capsule
- bursa: small sac of tissue, avoid friction, inflamed = burcitis
- menisci: increase congruency
- *articular disk:** increase congruency
- glenoid labrum / acetabulum labrum thicker, can be detached in accidents
