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caps 391 > central nervous system > Flashcards

central nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System Subdivision

A
  • Nervous System: collects, integrates and respond to internal and external information
  • CNS: incoming sensory information and outgoing of motor information, and higher cognitive processes
    • brain: inside the skull
      • cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon cerebellum, brainstem
    • spinal cord: inside vertebral canal
      • 2/3 of canal, 43-45 cm
      • start at medulla oblongata at level of foramen magnum
      • ends at Li-ii (Liii for infants)
  • PNS: communication lines with CNS and body, has sensory and motor divisions
    • cranial nerves (12), spinal nerves (31), peripheral ganglia, nerve plexi
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2
Q

PNS Subdivisions

A
  • sensory / afferent division
    • general, somatic senses: pain
    • special senses: vision in eyes
    • visceral senses: hunger from stomach
  • motor / efferent division
    • somatic nerves: skeletal muscles
    • visceral motor / autonomic
      • sympathetic: during activity (heart), either smooth muscle / cardiac muscle / glands
      • parasympathetic: conserves energy (bladder), either smooth muscle / cardiac muscle / glands
      • enteric plexus: GI tract
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3
Q

Neural Tube

A
  • Prosencephalon Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon
  • Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, Myelencephalon
  1. Cerebrum - convoluted (Lateral Ventricles)
  2. Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus (Third Ventricles)
  3. Midbrain (Aqueduct of Midbrain)
  4. Pons+Cerebellum (Upper part of 4th)
  5. Medulla (Lower part of 4th)
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4
Q

Nervous System Keywords

A
  • nucleus: mass of cell bodies in CNS
  • ganglion: mass of cell bodies in PNS
  • tract/fasciculi: collection of processes in CNS
  • cortex / grey matter: cell bodies, unmyelinated nerves, neuroglia
  • white matter: myelinated nerves
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5
Q

Spinal Cord Features (external)

A
  • start: medulla oblongata at foramen level
    • terminal end is tapered: conus medullaris
  • end: Li-Lii intervertebrate disk
  • 2 enlargements: needs more neurons in this area
    • cervical e.: innervates upper limb
    • lumbosacral e.: innervates lower limb
  • 2 longitudinal grooves:
    • ventral anterior median fissure:
      • ventral rootlets emerge on either side
      • joins to form ventral roots
    • dorsal posterior median fissure:
      • dorsal rootlets emerge on either side
      • joins to form dorsal roots
      • each root is associated with dorsal root ganglion
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6
Q

Spinal Cord Features (internal)

A
  • Grey and White Matter
    • grey: on the inside, H shaped
    • white: outside surrounding it
  • Horns: dorsal, lateral, ventral (grey)
    • dorsal (sensory neurons) > DRG (in PNS)
    • ventral (motor neurons)
  • Columns: dorsal, lateral, ventral (white)
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7
Q

Spinal Cord Segment

A
  • section that gives attachment to spinal nerves
    • spinal nerves: dorsal + ventral roots
    • will branch off into roots and rami
  • 31 segments (8 + 12 + 7 + 5 + 1)
  • segments after spinal cord ends:
    • parasympathetic nerves of lateral horn (Sii-Siv)
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8
Q

Spinal Cord Tracts

A
  • Sensory: starts in spinal cord (ascending)
    • spinocerebellar tract
    • spinothalamic tract
  • Motor: ends in spinal cord (descending)
    • corticospinal tract
    • rubrospinal tract
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9
Q

Sensory Tracts

A
  1. Number of Neurons: 3 except dorsal cerebellotract
  2. Location of Neurons: DRG, brainstem/spinal cord, thalamus
  3. Crossing at the midline: except cerebellar tracts)
  • Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract: unconscious information to cerebellum, unconscious proprioception of lower limbs
    • only 2 neurons: DRG and dorsal horn
    • DRG > medulla oblongata > inferior cerebellar peduncle > ipsilateral cerebral column
  • Dorsal Column Tract: conscious proprioception and discriminative touch
    • cp: from joints and muscles (except TMJ)
    • dt: entire body except head
    • DRG > Gracile and Cuneate Nuclei > crosses at midline > Medial Leminscus > thalamus
    • test: close your eyes and see if you lose balance
  • Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic Tract: pain, temperature and crude touch (everywhere except head)
    • lateral: pain and temperature
    • anterior: crude touch
    • DRG > medulla > cross at medulla > thalamus
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10
Q

Motor Tracts

A
  1. Location of UMNs for Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal: motor cortex of cerebral hemisphere v brainstem
  2. Location for LMNs: spinal cord for both (anterior horn)
  • Lateral and Anterior Corticospinal Tract: voluntary movement
    • cerebral hemisphere > midbrain > pons > medulla > divide into 2 at medulla > spinal cord
      • anterior corticospinal: 10-15% stay on anterior side
      • lateral corticospinal: 85-90% crosses to lateral side
  • Rubrospinal tract: autonomic movement
    • red nucleus > cross at midbrain level > synapse with motor neuron at ventral horn
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11
Q

Brainstem

A
  • Midbrain + Pons + Medulla Oblongata
  • 4th Cerebral Ventricle
  1. Passageway of Tracts
  2. CN Nuclei III - XI
  3. Autonomic Behaviours
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12
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Pontomedullary Sulcus: border between medulla and pons
  • Emerge: CN IX, X, XI, XII
  • 2 elevations: pyramid and olive
    • pyramid: caused by pyramidal tract / corticospinal tract
    • olive: inferior olivary nucleus
  • CN Nuclei: V, part of VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
  • Grey White Matter:
    • superior: white with grey embedded
    • inferior: same as spinal cord (grey middle)
  • 4th ventricle
  • inferior olivary nucleus
  • corticospinal tract, gracilis and cuneatus nucleus, medial leminscus
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13
Q

Pons

A
  • bridge for R and L Cerebellum
  • emerge: CN VI, VII, VIII (pontomedullary sulcus), CN V
  • basilar sulcus: has basilar artery
  • 4th Ventricle: diamond shaped
  • Cerebellar Peduncles
  • Grey White Matter: white with grey embedded
  • CN nuclei: CN V, VI, VII, VIII
  • 4th ventricle
  • medial leminscus
  • corticospinal tract
  • Pontine Nuclei: relay center between cerebellum and cerebral hemisphere
    • cerebral: gives orders, works on opposite side
    • cerebellum: monitors, works on same side
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14
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Crus Cerebri of Cerebellar Peduncles
  • Emerge: CN III, IV
    • III: between peduncles
    • IV: emerge from posterior!!
  • Superior and Inferior Colliculi (4 bones, 2 per side)
    • s: for visual reflexes
    • i: for hearing reflexes
  • Cerebral Aqueduct: connects 3rd and 4th ventricle
  • CN III, IV, IV
  • Grey White Matter: white with grey embedded
  • Substantia Nigra
  • Red Nucleus
  • Crus Cerebri of Cerebral Peduncle (contain motor tracts)
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15
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • R and L hemispheres
    • vermis: worm-like structure that connects R and L
  • anterior lobe, posterior lobe, flocculondar
    • primary fissure: between anterior and posterior
  • Cerebellar Cortex: on the periphery
    • formed by grey matter
    • folded into leaf-like ridges: folia
  • Grey White Matter: grey outside, white inside
  • Cerebellar Peduncles
    • superior: attach to midbrain
    • middle: attach to pons
    • inferior: attach to medulla
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16
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • 3rd cerebral ventricle: between R and L thalamus, made by group of nuclei
  • Thalamus: for all senses except for smell (like a bouncer)
    • egg-shaped
    • must pass through here before going to cerebral hemispheres (= 2 thalamus)
  • Hypothalamus: center for autonomic functions
    • inferior medial to thalamus
    • regulates endocrine system through pituitary gland
    • also have 2 (because 2 thalamus)
  • Ebithalamus: works with pineal gland
    • regulates melanin and circadian rhythm
    • posterior superior to thalamus
17
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • R and L hemispheres
    • have gyrus (convulsions) and sulcus (grooves between gyrus)
    • separated by superior longitudinal fissure
  • Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Occipital Lobe
    • Central Sulcus: separates F and P
    • Parietal-Occipital Sulcus: separated P and O
    • Lateral Sulcus: separates F and T
      • Insula: grey matter, for taste information
  • Frontal: motor movements
  • Parietal: general senses (pain, temp)
  • Occipital: vision and signals from the eye
  • Temporal: auditory and facial recognition
18
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  • misnamed! (in the CNS but definition is PNS)
  • deals with motor functions and monitors movements
  • caudate nucleus, lentiform, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus
19
Q

White Matter Nerve Bundles

A
  • Association: within same hemisphere
    -Commissural: with opposite hemisphere
    • most famous: corpus callosum (more in females)
  • Projection: out of the cerebral hemisphere
    • most famous: internal capsule
20
Q
A

caps 391 (4 decks)

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