Intro and Stress Flashcards
What are the signs and symptoms of illness
signs are objective and measurable (ex blood pressure), Symptoms are subjective (pain nausea)
what was the leading cause of death before 20th century compared to now
infectious disease before 20th century, cancer and heart disease
explain dietary vs infectious illnesses
dietary = illnesses resulting from malnutrition such as beriberi, infectious = caused by harmful bacteria of microorganisms
main cause of cardiovascular disease
over 70% caused by modifiable behaviours such as smoking, poor diet, etc
what is sedentary lifestyle vs physical inactivity
Sedentary = activities burning very low energy (ex. Watching tv, desk job, prolonged sitting), Associated more with risk for cardiovascular disease than physical inactivity. Physical inactivity = not doing activity that increases heart rate and uses muscles
what is the Biomedical model
a traditional western view with the Belief that disease was a result of injury, biochemical imbalances or exposure to pathogens and the treatment was to remove the pathogen with drugs or technology. Disease not related to mind
what is psychosomatic medicine
field that searches for emotional or unconscious reasons for disease. Important people = freud, Cannon, Dunbar and Alexander
what is behavioural medicine and what are the 2 defining characteristics
it is interdisciplinary and comes from a wide variety of fields, growing out of behaviouralism (suggests behavior results from classical and operant conditioning).
what is the biopsychosocial model
view that health and illness involve the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors in people’s lives.
use the biopsychosocial model to explain peptic ulcers (use rat study)
Everyone has the bacteria that causes the ulcers, but most ulcers develop in people experiencing stress. In rat study, before being exposed to chronic stressor, underwent 1 of 3 conditions (Handling only –> mild stress, Uncontrollable shock –> intense stress, controllable shock –> less stress). Results : controllable stress = key to limiting ulcer development, rats that developed ulcers were the most stressed.
what are the four goals of health psychology
PPII
- promote and maintain health by studying factors involved in unhealthy behaviours,
- prevent and treat illness by reducing risk factors,
- identify the causes and diagnostic correlates.
- analyze and improve health care system and health policy
what is stress
: Imbalance between demands of environment and person perception of ability to deal with said demands
what are the two processes which we analyze the stressor with (cognitive appraisal)
Primary appraisal = evaluated how harmful, threatening or challenging it is.
Secondary appraisal = do I have the resources to control or cope with the environmental threat
what factors are circumstances deemed as stressful then appraised for
(1) harm-loss, what damage has already occurred
(2) threat,
(3) challenge
what did the results of the genital mutilation appraisal study show
having a narrator that appraised things as more positive or intellectually had participants with less stress compared to groups with no narrator or a narrator that emphasizes pain and danger
results of the cognitive reappraisal vs distraction study of looking at slides crying woman
the distraction able to see them less negatively, however the cognitive reappraisal groups was able to do this even more so
what is the conservation of resources model of stress
People are motivate to gain and maintain resource (relationships, characteristics, energies) in there life
Psychological stress is the reaction to environment in which there is ; threat of a net loss of resources, net loss of resource, lack of resource gain following resource investment
what types of situations illicit more stress
NUTS
Novel situations
Unpredictable situations
Threat to ego –> feeling social self is questions
Loss of Sense of control in a situation
what is the key to limiting stress
perceived control (if questions about a study on exam : Co2 study in panic disorder patients)
what are personal characteristics that can impact stress
SPPM, self relevant goals , poor self-esteem, perfectionism, maladaptive core beliefs
According to Selye’s view, what are the 3 phases of stress
RRE
(1) alarms reaction → body is mobilized to defend against perceived stressor
(2) stage of resistance → arousal remains high as body tried to adapt to stressor, resistance to new stressors is impaired
(3) Stage of exhaustion → prolonged arousal, resources are limited, ability to resist may collapse, disease and damage to organs likely
what is allostasis
maintaining appropriate levels of activation under changing circumstances, lack of flexibility = greater risk for disease
what does too much or too little cortisol result in
too much = atrophy of hippocampus
not enough = rheumatoid arthritis
what is allostatic load
when the allostasis system is overloaded / overstimulate dude to chronic stress
what 4 factors affect allostatic load
AMRR
(1) frequent activation
(2) magnitude of reactivity
(3) rate of recovery→ failure to shut of allostatic activity after stress
(4) resource restoration → if Allostatic systems fail to respond adequately to the initial challenge, leads to other systems overreacting
how do we measure stress in a lab
skin conductance and cortisol levels
what are factors that impair recovery and reactivity to stress
worry (after) and anticipation (before), rumination and cognitive perseveration after stressor
what emotions can impact stress
fear (limbic response), anxiety, sadness, anger
