Intro and Ocean Exploration

Question 1

Fossils in the burgess shale are from the ___ period.
fossils of ____ can be found here and at Sask River Crossing- this means ___ were once here

Answer 1

Cambrian

corals- oceans

Question 2

Explain the fossils found in the Ediacara Hills in Australia

Answer 2

a group of animals- we don’t really know what they are= Ediacaran animals
- may have given rise to our current aquatic animals

Question 3

Stromatolites=

Answer 3

bacterial mounds/ mats that photosynthesize
- first lifeform
- photosynthesized= increased atmospheric O2 on earth

Question 4

Ecology=

Answer 4

how organisms interact with the environment
- patterns of diversity and abundance

Question 5

Biodiversity=

Answer 5

what species live in a habitat, and why so many or few
- how do they make a living

Question 6

Functional biology=

Answer 6

how organisms move, feed, reproduce
- what adaptations organisms have to the enviros they live in

Question 7

____ began the observation of natural history

Answer 7

Aristotle

Question 8

____ first developed a systematic classification of organisms
- Naming scheme- genus and species

Answer 8

Linnaeus

Question 9

What did Georges Cuvier propose?

Answer 9

• system of phyla- organize living and fossil species into groups
• also helped established the first system of describing benthic habitats (biostratigraphy)

Question 10

What’s the earliest record of navigation of the oceans?

Answer 10

Polynesian explorers who used stars and currents

Question 11

1 degree latitude= __ minutes= ___ nautical miles

1 minute = 60 ____= ___ nautical mile

Answer 11

1 degree latitude= 60 minutes= 60 nautical miles

1 minute = 60 seconds= 1 nautical mile

Question 12

What was the issue with clocks in early ocean navigation?
What was the solution?

Answer 12

the clocks weren’t accurate on ships because the pendulum moved
solution= Harrison’s chronometers: run by springs instead of pendulums so that gravity has no effect

Question 13

A ____ gives the angle of the sun above the horizon
- use the almanac’s known position of stars to find your latitude
- can also predict tides!

Answer 13

sexant

Question 14

list 3 tools used to navigate the oceans

Answer 14

1. GEE: generalized estimating equation- Britain WWII
2. Loran: low-frequency radio signals from fixed beacons- US WWII
3. GPS: global positioning system and GPS map

1 and 2 aren’t used anymore

Question 15

Edward Forbes developed which hypothesis? Why is this so important

Answer 15

Azoic theory= there’s no life deeper than 300 fathoms
important b/c this was the first major marine scientific hypothesis

Question 16

Who disproved Forbes’ Azoic theory? How?

Answer 16

Micheal Sars (Norwegian marine biologist)
- described specimens he dredged from deeper than 300 fathoms in norway’s fjords

Question 17

What’s the theory of coral reef subsidence? Who proposed it?

Answer 17

pictured reefs as a balance of growth of reef and sinking of seafloor (islands sink, reefs come up)

Charles Darwin

Question 18

What was the HMS Challenger? What’s one big thing they found?

Answer 18

an expedition ship sent out to explore the oceans (all but the arctic). 4 year circumnavigation of the globe
They discovered the Marianas Trench! Had 300km of hemp rope for sounding

Question 19

Data from the challenger refuted Haeckel’s Bathybius theory
1. what was the theory
2. how did they refute it?

Answer 19

1. life arose from a primordial slime in the oceans (mold/ amoeba)
2. it was actually marine snow (organic material that’s actually food)

Question 20

What are 5 improvements in technology that has helped with marine exploration?

Answer 20

1. vessels: eg JP Tully, Canada research vessel
2. Submersibles
3. Aquarius Underwater Sea Lab in Florida- 6 week underwater research stays
4. Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV) and Gliders (not tethered). eg. Nereus Woods Hole: imploded at 9977m
5. Cabled Undersea Observatory: huge cable- info and internet