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BIOL 350 > Intro and Evolution/Speciation > Flashcards

Intro and Evolution/Speciation Flashcards

1
Q

What is ecology?

A
  • interaction between organisms and the biotic and abiotic components of their environment
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2
Q

Examples of non-living and living aspects of an environment

A

Non-Living: landscape, climate

Living: fauna, flora, vegetation

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3
Q

Aspects of an environment:

A
  • Biome (ex: forest)
  • Place in that biome (ex: leaf litter)
  • Microenvironment (ex: under deciduous leaves)
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4
Q

Ecological Hierarchy (from biggest, to smallest)

A
  • Global
  • Landscape
  • Ecosystem
  • Community
  • Population
  • Organismal (individual)
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5
Q

Global ecology

A
  • Entire biosphere as a global ecosystem

- Regional exchange of energy and material influences across the globe

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6
Q

Landscape ecology

A
  • Mosaic of connected ecosystems
  • River ecosystem, forest ecosystem etc. connected…
  • Focus on the factors that control the exchange of energy material and organisms across these different ecosystems; ex: to what extent does this forest along the river provide a corridor for the dispersal of terrestrial animals
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7
Q

Ecosystem ecology

A
  • the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact
  • Communities of biotic organisms interacting with their abiotic
  • Focus on energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and environment
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8
Q

Community ecology

A
  • community is group of populations of different species in one area
  • examines interactions between species (predation, competition)
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9
Q

Population ecology

A
  • Population is a group of individuals of the same species in same area
  • Looks at population size and how life changes through time
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10
Q

Organismal

A
  • Individual/autoecology
  • Several sub-disciplines (physiology, evolutionary, behavioural)
  • How a specific organism’s structure, physiology, behaviour met the challenges of their environment
  • individuals capacity to adapt and meet challenges of environment
  • individual organisms and abiotic and biotic components of their environment
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11
Q

What is individual?

A
  • System made up of genetically identical cells that can communicate, and that have a common purpose or can at least coordinate themselves
  • There are cases where a system of clones is indistinguishable from one individual (ex: Pando is an Aspen root and Honey Fungus largest individual organism)
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12
Q

Exceptions to an individual

A
  • Chimera
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13
Q

What is a Chimera?

A
  • a single organisms composed of cells from different DNA

- Due to: merging of multiple fertilized eggs in animals (twins, litters) or organ transplants

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14
Q

Example of chimera? (monkey and in human)

A
  • Mamoset monkeys (95%)
  • why? theory that help allocation of parental care
  • XX/XY mosaic
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15
Q

How do individuals interact with their environment?

A
  • Genetic adaptations (generations - long term)
  • Phenotypic plasticity (Days-years)
  • Regulation/Behaviour (seconds - hours)
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16
Q

Genetic adaptation

A
  • Principles of the Theory of Evolution
  • Variation
  • Heredity
  • Natural Selection
  • Survival of the fittest
17
Q

Example of the evolution of tetrapods

A

Evolution from bony, lunged fish
• Possible because
– Individual fish showed a wide range of
variation in limb size/strength
– This variation was genetic
– There was variation in reproductive success
associated with limb strength/length
– Those with stronger/longer limbs had greater
survivorship and reproductive success, and
thus were more likely to pass on their genes

18
Q

How to study genetic adaptation?

A
  • falsifiable hypothesis
  • A posteriorir: after the fact; correlation between a trait and an environment; comparison of related species in different environments OR genetic comparison of individuals within a species
  • A priori: ahead of time; experimental alteration
19
Q

Speciation

A
  • process by which one species splits into 2 or more species
  • responsible for the diversity of life
  • explains not only differences but similarities between species
  • formation of a new species depends on reproductive isolation- biological species are not defined by similarities or differences in features, but by reproductive compatibility
20
Q

Types of speciation

A
  • Allopatric
  • Peropatric
  • Parapatric
  • Sympatric
21
Q

Allopatric

A
  • geographic separation

- usually cause by a barrier

22
Q

Peripatric

A
  • small population becomes isolated
  • Founder effect: genetic structure of the population will depend on the structure of the few individuals who founded the population
  • Genetic Drift: genes rare in the main population become more common in the isolated population, until they eventually lead to speciation
23
Q

Parapatric

A
  • Partial geographical separation of parts of the original population but selection against heterozygotes
  • Ex: ring species around the Mohave desert, no geographical barrier separates these species
24
Q

Sympatric

A
  • no geographical separation
  • theoretically possible if there are divergent responses to the same selective pressure in the same place, but few examples
  • thought to have been found in blind more rats that live at different depths but this could be seen as a geographical separation, so maybe more likely to be parapatric
25
Q

Phenotypic Plasticity

A
  • differences in phenotype
  • generally occurs from one generation to the next
  • not genetic, although genetic code must allow for it
  • not reversible within one generation
  • Ex: neckteeth in Daphnia
26
Q

Acclimatization

A
  • Occurs over days or years
  • Reversible
  • Changes in: structures (musculature), biochemistry (anaerobic vs aerobic metabolism), physiology (blood pressure, O2 tolerance), behaviour (learned response)
27
Q

Acute Changes: Regulation

A
  • occurs over seconds or hours
  • reversible
  • changes in physiology (blood pressure, adrenaline…) or behaviour (fight or flight)

BIOL 350 (15 decks)

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