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Cell Bio > Intro and Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Intro and Carbohydrates Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Life depends upon chemical reactions and most all disease in animals are manifestations of….

A

Abnormalities in biomolecules
Biochemical pathways
Chemical reactions

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2
Q

What does homeostasis mean?

A

Self-regulating process by which biological systems maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions.

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3
Q

How is a relatively stable internal environment achieved?

A

Through the action of physiological reflexes and cell to cell communication and feedback loops.

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4
Q

What is the cell nucleus responsible for?

A

Genetic information, transcription and nuclear receptors

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5
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum responsible for?

A

Synthesis of proteins, lipids, stores Ca++, post-translational modifications.

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6
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus responsible for?
Hint: Think 5 P’s!

A

Protein processing, post-translational modifications, polysaccharide synthesis, phosphorylation, packaging of proteins for transport

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7
Q

What is the Mitochondria responsible for?

A

Oxidation of carbohydrates and lipids

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8
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Digest macromolecules

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9
Q

What are peroxisomes responsible for?

A

Oxidation of organic molecules such as peroxide to water and oxygen.

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10
Q

What do cells use energy for?

A

Maintaining structure, growing, dividing, transporting substances and changing shape.

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11
Q

What is cellular metabolism?

A

Transfer and utilization of energy in biological systems.

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12
Q

What happens if energy metabolism is blocked?

A

Cells die instantly

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13
Q

What things are key to cellular metabolism?

A

Glycolysis, Citric (TCA)/Kreb’s Cycle, electron transport chain (ETC), NADH, FADH2

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14
Q

Stable energy-carrier molecule is composed of what?

A

Adenine (nitrogenous base), Ribose (sugar) and 3 phosphate radicals.

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15
Q

What happens when ATP releases its energy?

A

A phosphoric acid radical is split away and ADP is formed.

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16
Q

What is released energy used for in the cell?

A

Transport, enzyme activity, muscle contraction

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17
Q

What are some energy sources in living organisms?

A

Glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, ketone bodies, volatile fatty acids

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18
Q

What are ketone bodies?

A

Water soluble compounds containing ketone groups that are produced from fatty acids by the liver.

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19
Q

What do ALL cells have?

A

DNA, Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, Ribosomes

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20
Q

In what cells is DNA linear?

A

Eukaryotes

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21
Q

In what cells is DNA circular?

A

Prokaryotes

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22
Q

What cells do not have cell walls?

A

Animal cells

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23
Q

ATP is made during what process?

A

Cellular respiration

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24
Q

How does the cell maintain its shape?

A

Cytoskeleton

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25
Q

What makes up the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments and microtubules

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26
Q

What is the control center of the cell?

A

Nucleus

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27
Q

What does DNA determine?

A

What the cell will do and how it will do it.

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28
Q

What is Chromatin and what is its primary function?

A

The tangled, spread out form of DNA found in the nuclear membrane. Primary function is to package DNA molecules into more compact form.

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29
Q

Where is DNA found in Prokaryotes?

A

DNA floats freely in the nucleoid, the central region.

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30
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It is the membrane enclosed pathway that is used for transporting materials (such as proteins) synthesized by ribosomes.

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31
Q

What happens to proteins as they move through the Golgi Apparatus?

A

As proteins move through the GA they are customized into usable forms by folding the proteins or adding lipids or carbohydrates.

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32
Q

Where is water stored in plant cells?

A

Vacuole

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33
Q

What does the lysosome do in animal cells?

A

It takes in damaged cells and has enzymes which break down cellular debris.

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34
Q

Where are ribosomes made?

A

In the nucleolus of the nucleus

35
Q

What are the key players in cellular metabolism?

A

Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle (TCA or Krebs)
Electron transport chain
Metabolic intermediates- NADH, FADH2

36
Q

What are the products of glucose oxidation?

A

ATP, H2O, CO2

37
Q

What makes up ATP?

A

Adenine (nitrogenous base)
Ribose (Sugar)
Three phosphate radicals

38
Q

What does ATP become when it releases energy?

A

It becomes ADP

39
Q

What is the energy released from ATP used for in the cell?

A

It is used for transport, enzyme activity and muscle contraction

40
Q

What 5 things can form ATP?

A

Glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, ketone bodies, volatile fatty acids

41
Q

In what form do animals store energy?

A

Glycogen

42
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

Muscle and liver

43
Q

What are the most abundant organic molecules in nature?

A

Carbohydrates (saccharides)

44
Q

What is the structure called if a carbonyl is attached to the end of a saccharide chain?

A

Aldehyde

45
Q

What is it called if a carbonyl group is attached between saccharides?

A

Keto group

46
Q

What is a carbonyl?

A

Carbon double bonded to oxygen

47
Q

Alpha and beta isomers are determined by what?

A

The position of the carbon that carries the aldehyde/keto group.

48
Q

What are the 2 parts of enatiomers?

A

D (right side) and L (left side)

49
Q

Most sugars found in nature are what kind of isomers?

A

D-isomers

50
Q

What enzymes are capable of interconverting D and L isomers?

A

Isomerases

51
Q

What bonds link sugars?

A

Glycosidic bonds

52
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

3-10 monosaccharides

53
Q

Polysaccharides

A

more than 10 monosaccharides

54
Q

Lactose is made up of…

A

Galactose and glucose

55
Q

Sucrose is made up of…

A

Glucose and fructose

56
Q

Maltose is made up of…

A

glucose x 2

57
Q

Name 3 important polysaccharides

A

Branched glycogen, starch and cellulose

58
Q

What are 2 subgroups of starch?

A

Plant amylose and amylopectin

59
Q

What subunit is starch and glycogen?

A

alpha-glucose

60
Q

What subunit is cellulose?

A

Beta-glucose

61
Q

What polysaccharides are branched?

A

Amylopectin and Glycogen

62
Q

How are carbohydrates attached to non-carbohydrates?

A

Via glycosidic bonds

63
Q

What glycoside is created by bonding carbs with purine and pyrimidine?

A

Nucleic bases

64
Q

What glycoside is made by bonding carbs and aromatic rings?

A

Bilirubin and steroids

65
Q

What glycosides are created by bonding carbs and proteins?

A

Glycoproteins/proteoglycans

66
Q

What glycoside is made by bonding carbs and lipids?

A

Glycolipids

67
Q

What amino-sugar is one of the most common monosaccharides?

A

Glucosamine

68
Q

Where is glucosamine found?

A

Cartilage, chitin

69
Q

What is the process of breaking down complex nutrients into simple molecules?

A

Digestion

70
Q

The process of transporting simple molecules across the intestinal epithelium

A

Absorption

71
Q

Absorption cannot occur if food is not __________

A

Digested

72
Q

In order for digestion to be useful, nutrients must be _________

A

Absorbed

73
Q

What enzyme starts digestion in the mouth?

A

Alpha-amylase (ptyalin)

74
Q

Where does carbohydrate digestion mainly occur?

A

Small intestine

75
Q

What breaks glycosidic bonds?

A

Pancreatic and enterocyte hydrolases (glycosidases)

76
Q

What is the final product of carbohydrate digestion?

A

Monosaccharides - glucose, fructose, galactose

77
Q

Monosaccharides are absorbed by…

A

Enterocytes

78
Q

Disaccharides can not be absorbed during…

A

Digestion

79
Q

Mammals generally do not have the enzymes necessary to break down what?

A

Cellulose

80
Q

Where does the final digestive process and absorption occur?

A

Mucosal lining- duodenum and jejunum

81
Q

What starts digestion?

A

Salivary amylase

82
Q

Further digestion of carbohydrates is achieved by?

A

Pancreatic enzymes (lumen of small intestine)

83
Q

Digestion is finished by what 4 enzymes found in the intestinal mucosa?

A

Maltase, isomaltase, lactase and sucrase

84
Q

Absorption of carbohydrates (monosaccharides) takes place where?

A

Duodenum and upper jejunum by SGLT1 and GLUT 5 and 2

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