Amino Acids and Proteins

Question 1

What is the central dogma?

Answer 1

DNA to RNA to Protein

Question 2

What are the three groups that make up an amino acid structure?

Answer 2

Amino group, carboxyl group and an R-group (side chain)

Question 3

How are peptide bonds formed?

Answer 3

Carboxyl group reacting with the amino acid group from another amino acid.

Question 4

Standard amino acids are encoded by ______

Answer 4

DNA

Question 5

Nonstandard amino acids are synthesized by chemical modifications of ___________

Answer 5

Standard amino acids

Question 6

21st proteinogenic amino acid - coded by a stop codon

Answer 6

Selenocysteine

Question 7

What polar amino acids are positively charged? (Basic amino acids)

Answer 7

Histidine
Arginine
Lysine

Question 8

What polar amino acids are negatively charged?

Answer 8

Aspartic Acid
Glutamic Acid

Question 9

What non-polar amino acid contains a thio (-SH) group, important for disulfide bond formation?

Answer 9

Cysteine

Question 10

What Secondary non-polar amino acid forms a rigid 5 ring aromatic structure- important in collagen formation in the body?

Answer 10

Proline

Question 11

What non-polar amino acid has no side chain (only has an H)?

Answer 11

Glycine

Question 12

What type of side chain has a net zero charge at physiological pH?

Answer 12

Polar

Question 13

What type of side chain does not gain or lose protons or participate in H/Ionic bonding?

Answer 13

Non Polar

Question 14

What two non-polar AA’s can lose a proton at alkaline pH?

Answer 14

Cysteine and Tyrosine

Question 15

What polar amino acid has a side chain that can be either + or neutral charged and acts as a buffer?

Answer 15

Histidine

Question 16

What 3 polar amino acids have a polar hydroxyl group?

Answer 16

Serine
Threonine
Tyrosine

Question 17

What polar amino acids have a carbonyl group and an amine group? They also participate in H bonding.

Answer 17

Asparagine and Glutamine

Question 18

At physiological pH, aspartic acid and glutamic acid have what charge?

Answer 18

Negative- fully ionized

Question 19

At physiological pH, Histidine has what charge?

Answer 19

Positive- fully ionized

Question 20

How do non-polar amino acids cluster in a soluble protein?

Answer 20

They cluster in the interior of the soluble protein

Question 21

How do polar amino acids cluster in a soluble protein?

Answer 21

They cluster on the surface of soluble proteins

Question 22

How do non-polar amino acids cluster in membrane proteins?

Answer 22

They cluster on the surface of membrane proteins

Question 23

What are the 6 amino acid derivatives?

Answer 23

Tyrosine
Taurine
Tryptophan
Glutamate
Histidine
Lysine

Question 24

What amino acid derivative is responsible for thyroid hormones and dopamine?

Answer 24

Tyrosine

Question 25

What amino acid derivative is responsible for bile acids?

Answer 25

Taurine

Question 26

What amino acid derivative is responsible for GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter)?

Answer 26

Glutamate

Question 27

What amino acid derivative is responsible for digestion, mood, sleeping, healing, etc.

Answer 27

Tryptophan

Question 28

What amino acid derivative is responsible for lipid oxidation?

Answer 28

Lysine

Question 29

What is the physiological relevance of the peptide hormone oxytocin? Where is it produced?

Answer 29

Uterine contractions and milk secretion, produced in hypothalamus

Question 30

What is the physiological relevance of the peptide ADH? Where is it produced?

Answer 30

Essential for maintenance of water balance, produced in hypothalamus

Question 31

What is the physiological relevance of the peptide Creatine?

Answer 31

Energy production in muscle and cardiac cells

Question 32

What is the physiological relevance of the peptide Bradykinin?

Answer 32

Vascoactivity (vasocontriction and vasodilation)

Question 33

What is the physiological relevance of the peptide angiotensin II?

Answer 33

It is a potent vasocontrictor

Question 34

What is the physiological relevance of the peptide melanin?

Answer 34

Pigment occurring in several tissues, synthesized from tyrosine via DOPA

Question 35

What is the physiological relevance of the polypeptide Gastrin?

Answer 35

Stomach hormone that stimulates secretion of the gastric glands

Question 36

What is the physiological relevance of the polypeptide Glucagon?

Answer 36

Stimulates glycogenolysis

Question 37

What is produced by alpha-cells in the pancreas?

Answer 37

Glucagon

Question 38

What is the physiological relevance of CCK?

Answer 38

It stimulates pancreas and liver secretions. (ie. bile)

Question 39

What is the physiological relevance of ANP?

Answer 39

It is essential for regulation of blood volume and blood pressure.

Question 40

Where is ANP produced?

Answer 40

Atrium of the heart

Question 41

What facilitates enzymatic hydrolysis?

Answer 41

HCl

Question 42

What is stimulated by gastrin?

Answer 42

HCl and pepsinogen secretion

Question 43

Where is pepsinogen secreted?

Answer 43

In the stomach

Question 44

True/False Many amino acids are removed by the liver on "First Pass" (Hepatic Portal Circulation), and then are transported to system circulation.

Answer 44

False They do NOT reach systemic circulation

Question 45

What happens to excess amino acids?

Answer 45

They are rapidly degraded

Question 46

What happens to most free ammonia?

Answer 46

It is used in the Urea cycle

Question 47

What is the most important route for disposing nitrogen from the body?

Answer 47

Urea Cycle

Question 48

What are the three steps to post-transcriptional modifications?

Answer 48

1. Addition of a 5' cap 2. Splicing 3. Additon of 3' poly-adenylation tail

Question 49

What are the five steps in protein biosynthesis?

Answer 49

1. Activation 2. Initiation 3. Elongation 4. Termination 5. Folding and PTM

Question 50

What are the three steps of elongation?

Answer 50

1. Arrival - Binding to A-site 2. Generation of peptide bond in P-site 3. Movement to E-site (exit)