Endocrinology - Repro Flashcards by Sarah Anderson

Which of the following is not included in the classical endocrine glands?
a) Adipose tissue
b) Ovaries
c) Thyroid
d) Pancreas

a) Adipose tissue - non-classical gland

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True or False
Some neurotransmitters can be considered hormones when secreted by the hypothalamus

True
An example of this would be dopamine

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Peptides secreted by cells into the ECF and can function as immunomodulating agents

Cytokines

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Cytokine produced by adipocytes

Leptin

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Interleukins released from T-Helper cells to act on immune cells. This is an example of what kind of chemical messenger?

Cytokine

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Secreted into the vascular system by endocrine tissues due to neuronal stimulation

Neuroendocrine hormones

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ADH and Epinephrine, which are synthesized by the hypothalamus, are what type of chemical messenger?

Neuroendocrine hormones

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What hormones can influence function of target cells at another location in the body?

Neuroendocrine and endocrine hormones

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Autocrine hormones are secreted by cells into the ECF and affect function of the same cells that produce them. Which of the following are examples of these hormones?
a) IL-6 in cancer cells
b) IL-1 in monocytes
c) Fibroblast growth factor
d) a and b
e) b and c

d) IL-6 in cancer cells and IL-1 in monocytes

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Which if the following is a correct statement about fibroblast growth factors?
a) They are autocrine hormones
b) They are paracrine hormones
c) They include fibroblast growth hormones
d) a and c
e) b and c

e) b and c - they are paracrine hormones, fibroblast growth factors are an example

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Which of the following comprise majority of hormones?
a) Amines
b) Lipids
c) Protein and peptide hormones
d) Neuroendocrine hormones

C) Protein and peptide hormones

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Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement about protein and peptide hormones?
a) They have a short half life
b) Circulate unbound in the blood
c) They are hydrophobic
d) All of the above

c) They are HYDROPHILIC not hydrophobic

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Amines are derived from what amino acid?
a) Tryptophan
b) Tyrosine
c) Thyroxine
d) None of the above

b) Tyrosine

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Amines are typically hydrophilic but have some exceptions that require carrier proteins. What are the exceptions?
a) Catecholamines
b) Acetylcholine
c) Thyroid hormones
d) Epinephrine

C) Thyroid hormones - they are hydrophobic

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What are the carrier proteins produced by the liver?

Thyroxine-binding globulin and albumin

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True or False
The half life for all amines is relatively short

False - it depends on the hormone

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Which of the following is a steroid hormone?
a) Adrenocortical hormones
b) Androgen
c) Estrogen and progesterone
d) All of the above

d) All of the above

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What intracellular features do cells that produce steroid hormones possess?

They have an abundance of lipid droplets containing cholesterol esters and mitochondria and smooth ER

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Which of the following statements about steroid hormones is FALSE.
a) Sex-steroid forming cells have enzymes that allow formation of adrenocortical hormones
b) The adrenal cortex normally produces small amounts of sex steroids and larger amounts in certain conditions
c) The adrenal cortex contains the enzymes necessary for formation of adrenocortical and sex hormones
d) All of the above statements are true

a) Sex steroid forming cells do NOT have enzymes to allow for formation of adrenocortical hormones

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Where are steroids stored within the cell?
a) ADH
b) Adrenal glands
c) Thyroid
d) There isn’t one

d) There isn’t one

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Which of the following statements is correct?
a) Steroid metabolic rates are constantly changing
b) The rate of hormone secretion is independent of rate of synthesis
c) Cholesterol ester is the precursor to steroids and can be considered the only storage form of steroids within these cells
d) All of the above are correct

C) Cholesterol ester is the precursor to steroids

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True or false
Steroid hormones are secreted immediately after formation by simple diffusion across the cell membrane because of their hydrophilic structure

False
It is because of their LIPOphilic structure (rest of statement is true)

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What allows hormones to be in low concentration in the blood but effective in producing tissue response?
a) Sensitivity and affinity of receptor
b) Specificity of receptor
c) Specificity and affinity of receptor
d) Affinity of receptor

C) Specificity and affinity

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Decrease in plasma concentrations of the hormone
a) Internalization
b) Down regulation
c) Desensitization
d) Dissociation

d) Dissociation

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Internalization of the receptor-hormone complex through endocytosis a) Desensitization b) Dissociation c) Down regulation d) None of the above

a) Desensitization

What are the two modes of termination of the action of a hormone?

Dissociation and Desensitization

Which of the following glands are regulated by the HPA? a) Hypothalamus b) Anterior Pituitary c) Adrenal Cortex d) All of the above

d) All of the above

When regulating the endocrine system, the hypothalamus works in close connection with what? a) Anterior pituitary b) Thymus c) Pituitary gland d) Cerebellum

c) Pituitary gland

The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibitory hormones that control _________ pituitary secretion.

The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibitory hormones that control *anterior* pituitary secretion

What are the SIX hormones of the hypothalamus controlling anterior pituitary secretions?

TRH CRH GnRH GHRH GHIH/Somatostatin PIH/Dopamine

Hypothalamic-Hypophysial Portal system carries hormones directly to the sinuses of the _____ _____ gland

Hypothalamic-Hypophysial Portal system carries hormones directly to the sinuses of the *Anterior Pituitary* gland

What is the microcirculation system of blood vessels at the base of the brain, connecting the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary?

Hypothalamic-Hypophysial Portal system

What is the main function of the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system?

To quickly transport and exchange hormones between the hypothalamus and AP gland

What feature of the portal system allows for rapid exchange between the hypothalamus and pituitary? a) Fenestrated capillaries b) High vascular permeability c) Many small channels d) All of the above

d) All of the above

The anterior pituitary gland (Adenohypophysis) originates from what?

Rathke's pouch

What is Rathke's Pouch?

Embyronic invagination of the pharyngeal epithelium

What are the 5 major cell types of the Adenohypophysis?

Somatotropes Corticotropes Lactotropes Thyrotropes Gonadotropes

What cell type makes up the largest area of the pituitary? a) Thyrotropes b) Corticotropes c) Gonadotropes d) Somatotropes e) Lactotropes

d) Somatotropes

What cell type of the adenohypophysis produce growth hormone? a) Thyrotropes b) Corticotropes c) Gonadotropes d) Somatotropes e) Lactotropes

d) Somatotropes

What adenohypophysis cell type produces ACTH? a) Thyrotropes b) Corticotropes c) Gonadotropes d) Somatotropes e) Lactotropes

b) Corticoptropes

What adenohypophysis cell produces prolactin? a) Thyrotropes b) Corticotropes c) Gonadotropes d) Somatotropes e) Lactotropes

e) Lactotropes

What adenohypophysis cell produces TSH? a) Thyrotropes b) Corticotropes c) Gonadotropes d) Somatotropes e) Lactotropes

a) Thyrotropes

What adenohypophysis cell produces LH and FSH? a) Thyrotropes b) Corticotropes c) Gonadotropes d) Somatotropes e) Lactotropes

c) Gonadotropes

What peptide hormone of the AP affects metabolism of glucose, proteins and fats? a) GH b) ACTH (Corticotropin) c) Thyrotropin d) FSH and LH

b) ACTH (Corticotropin)

What hormones control most intracellular chemical reactions in the body? a) Corticotropin b) Growth hormones c) Thyrotropin (TSH, T3/T4) d) Gonadotropins

c) Thryotropins (TSH, T3/T4)

What hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary/Neurohypophysis?

ADH/Vasopressin and Oxytocin

What is composed by magnocellular neurons? a) Adenohypophysis b) Neurohypophysis c) Anterior pituitary d) Hypothalamus

b) Neurohypophysis

Where are the hormones of the neurohypophysis produced and where are they transported?

Produced in the hypothalamus and transported in the axoplasm of the pituitary

Hypothalamic neurons synthesize _________ and ______

Oxytocin and ADH

Oxytocin and ADH are transported along the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to the _______ _______

Posterior pituitary

Oxytocin and ADH are stored in ________ _______ in the posterior pituitary

Axon Terminals

Oxytocin and ADH are released into the blood when _______ neurons fire

Hypothalamic

Where are ADH and Oxytocin produced?

Cell body

What protein transports ADH and Oxytocin from the cell body through the axon?

Neurophysin

When does processing of the precursor to the mature peptide take place?

As the secretory granules move down the axon

What does ADH target?

Kidneys

What does Oxytocin target in males?

Smooth muscle in ductus deferens and prostate gland

What does oxytocin target in females?

Uterine smooth muscle and mammary glands

What does MSH target?

Melanocytes

What does FSH and LH target in females?

Ovaries

What does FSH and LH target in males?

Testes

What does PRL target?

Mammary glands

What does GH target?

Liver, bone, muscle

What does TSH target?

Thyroid glands

What does ACTH target?

Suprarenal gland/medulla/cortex

What part of the hypothalamus will have direct release of hormones?

Neurohypophysis

What hormone helps control water excretion into the urine?

ADH/Vasopressin

True or False In the early stages of embyro development, there is no increase in cell mass during the first several divisions

True

During what stage of early embryo development does differentiation occur? a) Zygote b) 16-cell embryo c) Morula d) Blastocyst e) None of the above

C) Morula

What embryonic tissue gives rise to the placenta? a) Trophoblast b) Chorion c) Allantois d) Allantochorion e) None of the above

A) Trophoblast

What gives rise to the digestive system, lungs and endocrine system? a) Endoderm b) Mesoderm c) Ectoderm d) All of the above

a) Endoderm

What gives rise to the reproductive system, cardiovascular system and muscle/skeleton? a) Endoderm b) Mesoderm c) Ectoderm d) All of the above

b) Mesoderm

What gives rise to the nervous system, skin and hair? a) Endoderm b) Mesoderm c) Ectoderm d) All of the above

c) Ectoderm

What hormone is responsible for defemenizing the hypothalamus? a) Testosterone b) Estradiol c) AMH d) Dihydrotestosterone e) None of the above

b) Estradiol

What hormone is essential for sex-differentiation? a) AMH b) Testosterone c) Dihydrotestosterone d) All of the above

d) All of the above

What hormone eliminates the surge center? a) Testosterone b) Estradiol c) Estrogen d) All of the above

b) Estradiol

All oocytes are arrested as primary oocytes (____) at ________ a) 2n; mitosis - prophase I b) 2n; meiosis - prophase I c) 2n; meiosis - prophase II d) n; meiosis - metaphase II

b) 2n; meiosis - prophase I

In females, meiosis II is completed only after what? a) Fertilization b) Ovulation c) Menstruation d) Menopause

a) Fertilization

Spermatids are ____ and can be found after _____

Spermatids are *n* and can be found after *meiosis II*

During what stage of early emrbyo development does differentiation occur? a) Zygote b) 16 cell embryo c) Morula d) Blastocyst

c) Morula

All oocytes are arrested at _________ until puberty (ovulation).

All oocytes are arrested at *prophase I* until puberty (ovulation)

The secondary oocyte is arrested in ___________ at which stage ovulation occurs.

The secondary oocyte is arrested in *metaphase II* at which stage ovulation occurs.

Formation of spermatid from spermatogonia

Spermatocytogenesis

Morphological change of spermatid into spermatozoa

Spermiogenesis

What type of hormone are androgens? a) Steroid b) Eicosanoid c) Amine d) Protein/peptide

a) steroid

Steroid hormones would bind to ______ receptors while protein hormones would bind to ______ receptors

Steroid hormones would bind to *intracellular* receptors while protein hormones would bind to *cell membrane* receptors

The luteal phase of the estrous cycle is influenced by the presence of __________

Progesterone

What follicular layer produces estrogen and inhibin?

Granulosa cells

Which hormone directly initiates luteolysis?

PGF2a

Which follicle has an oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal cells?

Primary follicle

What follicle has an oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells?

Primordial follicle

Which follicle has fluid accumulating within the cavity forming the antrum?

Antral follicle

What layer is the connective tissue? a) Theca externa b) Theca interna c) Granulosa cells

a) Theca externa

What layer produces androgens under LH stimulation? a) Theca externa b) Theca interna c) Granulosa cells

b) Theca interna

What layer produces estrogen, inhibin, and follicular fluid in response to FSH? a) Theca externa b) Theca interna c) Granulosa cells

c) Granulosa cells

True or False The preantral phase is dependent on FSH and LH

False it is independent of FSH and LH

True or False The Antral Phase requires gonadotropins FSH and LH

True

Where does fertilization and cleavage occur?

Ampulla

What structure changes in order to block polyspermy? a) Cumulus cells b) Acrosome c) Zona Pellucida d) Nuclear envelope

c) Zona Pellucida

When oocytes get arrested in prophase I they are: a) 2N 2C b) 1N 2c c) 2N 4C d) 1N 1C

c) 2N 4C

When mammals are born, what stage of oogenesis are they in? a) Mitosis I b) Meiosis I c) Mitosis II d) Prophase I

b) Meiosis I

Meiosis I results in a _____ oocte ( n and 2C) and a _____ _____

Meiosis I results in a *Secondary* oocyte (1n and 2C) and a *Polar body*

During ovulation, the oocyte and cumulus mass are moved into the _________ of uterine tubes by fimbria.

During ovulation, the oocyte and cumilar mass are moved into the *infundibulum* of uterine tubes by fimbria

Why are male mammals able to continually produce sperm throughout their life?

They are born with spermatogonium that can undergo multiple mitosis

How long does it take sperm to fully develop and at what body temperature do they need?

60 days or so, temp must be 34C/93F

When does the first haploid cell occur in spermatogenesis?

At the formation of the Secondary spermatocytes

What is the last cell after cell division in spermatogenesis? These cells then undergo morphological changes into spermatozoa.

Spermatid

What is the undifferentiated male germ cell?

Spermatogonium

What is the primary source of testosterone in males?

Leydig Cells

What does totipotent mean?

Capable of giving rise to a complete embryo

Polarized cells in the blastocyst that will form the embryo

Inner Cell Mass

The external embryonic tissue and develops the chorion (placenta)

Trophoblast

What portion of the placenta is attached to the uterus?

Chorion

In the allantochorion, what portion faces the uterus?

Chorionic portion

In the allantochorion, what portion faces the embryo?

Allantois

The reproductive system develops at the same time as the _____ system

Renal system

The female hypothalamus contains 2 functional areas for secretion of GnRH. What are they?

Tonic (ARC) and Surge (POA) centers

A committed follicle has 4 possible outcomes. What are they?

Remain quiescent Die Begin development and atresia later Develop and ovulate

Which of the following hormones are usually synthesized as an inactive molecule in the ER? a) Protein Hormone b) Amine hormone c) Steroid hormone d) All of the above

a) Protein hormone

FSH is an example of what type of hormone? a) Amine b) Steroid c) Protein/peptide/glycoprotein

c) Protein/Peptide/Glycoprotein

Which of the following hormones would bind to a nuclear receptor? a) Thyroxine b) Insulin c) Dopamine d) ACTH

a) Thyroxine

The hypothalamus secretes all of the following except a) TRH b) TSH c) CRH d) GnRH

b) TSH

The hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system is responsible for which of the following: a) Carry hormones from both pituitary glands to the hypothalamus b) Carry hormones from hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland c) Carry hormones from the hypothalamus to the AP gland d) Carry hormones from the hypothalamus to both pituitary glands

c) Carry hormones from the hypothalamus to the AP gland

Which hormone controls the rate of water excretion into the urine and which pituitary gland releases it? a) Vasopressin and AP gland b) Somatostatin and Posterior Pituitary c) Vasopressin and Posterior pituitary d) Somatostatin and AP gland

c) Vasopressin and Posterior pituitary gland

Which of the following is NOT a target of the hormones released from the AP gland? a) Mammary glands b) Collecting ducts of the kidney c) Bones d) Ovaries

b) Collecting ducts of the kidney

True or False The Neurohypophysis refers to the posterior pituitary gland

True

True or False The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is responsible for producing oxytocin

True

True or False The target hormone can cause negative and positive feedback on both the hypophysis and the hypothalamus

True

Which extraembryonic membrane is responsible for collecting secretions from the embryo? a) Yolk sac b) Allantois c) Amnion d) Chorion

b) Allantois

Which species uses estradiol as the mechanism for maternal recognition of pregnancy a) Porcine b) Equine c) Bovine d) Canine

a) Porcine

Primary oocytes have what chromosome count a) 2N 2C b) N 2C c) 2N 4C d) N 4C

c) 2N 4C

True or False Primary germ cells differentiate into oogonia which then multiply by mitosis

True

Which of the following cells produce testosterone? a) Leydig b) Sertoli c) Spermatogonium d) Granulosa

a) Leydig

Which of the following refers to the luteal phase of the female estrous cycle? a) Estrus b) Anestrus c) Diestrus d) None of the above

c) Diestrus

During diestrus which of the following does NOT occur? a) Progesterone causes positive feedback on pituitary for production of LH b) FSH and LH act on corpus luteum c) Estrogen causes positive feedback on pituitary for FSH production d) Estrogen causes negative feedback on pituitary for LH production

a) Progesterone causes positive feedback on pituitary for production of LH

During the Estrus cycle, which of the following occurs? a) FSH causes negative feedback on the follicle b) Estrogen production from follicle causes positive feedback for FSH c) Inhibin production from the follicle causes positive feedback for FSH d) Estrogen production from follicle causes positive feedback for LH

d) Estrogen production from follicle causes positive feedback for LH

The zona pellucida forms during which follicular development stage? a) Primordial follicle b) Primary follicle c) Secondary follicle d) Antral follicle

c) Secondary follicle

Which cells of the antral follicle are responsible for producing estrogen and inhibin? a) Theca externa b) Theca interna c) Granulosa cells d) All of the above

c) Granulosa cells

True or False Theca interna cells are responsive to LH stimulation

True

Which of the following cells differentiate into luteal cells? a) Theca interna b) Granulosa cells c) Theca interna and Granulosa cells d) None of the above

c) theca interna and granulosa

Primary germ cells originate near ________ ______ and migrate to developing ovary (genital ridge)

Yolk sac

When does ovulation occur?

During second Meiotic division

In dogs, when is ovulation?

Prophase 1 (before completion of meiosis I, before release of 1st polar body)

Where does maturation of oocyte occur in dogs?

Oviduct

Sperm gain ability to fertilize during _________ ________

Epididymal transit

How long does it take sperm to move from site of deposition to the uterine tube?

Minutes to hours

Sperm reservoir and acts as a conduit to transport sperm from the uterus to the ampulla and embryos from the site of fertilization into the uterine lumen

Isthmus

Funnel shaped portion nearest the ovary

Infundibulum

What is acrosomal reaction?

A calcium dependent reaction that allows sperm penetraton into the oocyte, occurring upon contact of sperm with zona pellucida

True or False Only acrosome-intact sperm bind to zona pellucida

True

What is the specific binding site for sperm on the zona pellucida?

ZP3

What is required before sperm can fuse with oocytes?

Completion of acrosome reaction

After sperm penetration into the oocyte, the oocyte completes meiosis and expels the second polar body. What happens to the remaining haploid/maternal chromosomes?

They are enclosed in the pronucleus

Where does early cleavage occur?

Uterine tubes

How long does it take the zygote to reach the uterus in cows, horses and dogs (respectively)

cows - 4 days horses - 6 days dogs - 8 days

At what stage does the zygote reach the uterus in cows and sheep?

16 cell/compact morula stage

At what stage does the zygote reach the uterus in mares and dogs?

Morula/early bastocyst

In what species do only fertilized zygotes get transported through the uterine tubes (oviductal papilla)

Mares

The blastocyst hatches out from the zona pellucida, which is the beginning of implantation. When does this happen for most species? Horses?

7-10 days in most species 9-10 days in horses

Why is the rounded embryo shape maintained in horses?

They have a capsule surrounding the ZP

What happens to PGF2a in the anti-luteolytic stage of maternal recognition?

Diversion and Inhibition of PGF2a secretion

What is maintained in the Luteotropic stage of maternal recognition?

Corpus luteum

True or False The pregnant and nonpregnant cycle is similar for the first 14-16 days

True

In what species does maternal recognition involve the trophoectoderm producing interferon tau?

Cows

What is true of interferon tau? a) Inhibits oxytocin receptor b) Inhibits PGF2a c) Stimulates endometrial glands d) all of the above

d) All of the above

In what species does maternal recognition involve estrogen, in which the blastocyst produces estradiol?

Swine

When is movement of equine embryo maximal?

Days 10-12

Equine embryo migrates through both uterine horns and body several times a day. How many horn changes can occur?

Up to 18 per day

Movement of embryo in equine is mediated by what structure?

Uterus

If movement is prevented in equine embryo what happens?

Results in pregnancy loss