Intro Flashcards
What is osteology?
Study of bones, joints, and connective tissue
Median plane
Equal left and right sides
Midsagittal - down the middle
Sagittal Plane
Vertical plane passing through the body off to either one side or the other of middle
Off center
Frontal Plane
Divides the body into front and back halves
Coronal plane
Transverse plane
Divides the body into top and bottom portions
Transverse plane or trans axial plane
Superior
Top
Inferior
Bottom
Anterior
Front
Posterior
Back
Deep
Further from surface
Superficial
Close to surface
Proximal
Closer to trunk
Distal
Away from trunk
Medial
Toward midline of body
Lateral
Away from midline of body
Bilateral
Same on both sides of body - arms
Unilateral
Just on one side of the body (one armed man)
Ipsilateral
2 separate structures on the same side of the body (R lung, R liver)
Contralateral
2 separate structures on opposite sides of the body (lungs)
Cephalad
Toward the head
Caudal
Toward the tail
Supine
Face up palms down
Prone
Face down palms up
Anatomical position
Supine (face up)
Palms up
Toes up
Penis towards head
Functions of the skeleton
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, homeostasis, hematopoiesis
Divisions of the skeleton
Axial and appendicular
What bones are part of the axial division of the skeleton
Skull - 28
Hyoid - 1
Rib Cage - 25
Vertebral column - 26
What bones are part of the appendicular division of the skeleton
Upper limb and pectoral girdle - 64
Lower limb and pelvic girdle - 62
Classification of bones
Long bones - Humerus, femur
Short bones - cuboidal shape wrists and ankles
Flat bones - cranium
Irregular bones - vertebrae, facial bones
Sesamoid - in tendons such as patella, allow for more force
Bone surface markings are formed by
Attachment of tendons, muscles, or fascia
When an artery is adjacent to a bone
When a structure passes through a bone
Fissure
Narrow slit or cleft
Passageway for blood vessels and nerves
Sulcus
Groove
Passageway for blood vessels and nerves
Foramen
Opening or hole
Passageway for blood vessels and nerves
Fossa
Shallow depression, basin
Attachment for muscles or articulations
Spinous process/transverse process
Projection
Attachment for muscles or articulations
Meatus
Blind canal
Passageway for blood vessels and nerves
Ramus
Smooth, rounded articular process
Articulation
Facet
Smooth concave articular surface
Articulations
Condyle
Smooth rounded articular process
Articulations
Crest
Prominent ridge
Attachment for muscles
Condyle
Smooth rounded articular process
Articulation
Epicondyle
Project superior to condyle
Attachment for muscles
Head
Rounded articular projection, supported by a neck
Articulation
Line
Long, narrow ridge
Attachment for muscles
Trochanter
Very large projection (only on femur)
Attachment for muscles
Tubercle
Small rounded projection
Attachment for muscles
Tuberosity
Lg roughened projection
Attachment for muscles
Periosteum
Found in all bones
Has 2 layers:
- outer - fibrous layer containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
- inner - osteogenic layer contains elastic fibers, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and blood vessels responsible for growth and repair
Diaphysis
Shaft of the long bone
Epiphysis
Ends of the bone
Metaphysis
Mature bone between epiphysis and diaphysis
Growing bone on the epiphyseal plate where cartilage is replaced by bone
Articular cartilage
Cartilage that covers the end of bone where it articulates with another bone to form a jnt
Periosteum
Dense white fibrous covering surrounding a bone
(2 layers-inner and outer)
Attachment site for ligaments and tendons
Marrow cavity
The diaphysis in a long bone
Contains bone marrow
Endosteum
Inner layer of cells that lines the marrow cavity
Contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Long bones
Humerus, femur
Short bones
Wrists and ankles
Cuboidal shaped
Flat bones
Cranium
Irregular bones
Vertebrae and facial bones
Sesamoid bones
In tendons like the patella - strengthens the jnt
Bone surface markings control what
The type or direction of the mmt of a bone
