Intro 2 Flashcards
Metastatic sites
-Bladder, Thyroid, breast, Melanoma: Bone, Liver, Lung (+brain for breast), (+brain +skin/muscle for Melanoma)
-Kidney, Lung, prostate: adrenal, bone, brain, liver, lung (prostate NOT brain)
-Colorectal, Ovary, pancreas, stomach: liver, lung, peritoneum (colorectal –> + brain)
-Uterus: bone, liver, lung, peritoneum, vagina
Survival rates and Cancer - 5 year
75% +: Thyroid, Prostate, testis, melanoma, breast, hodgkin’s lymphoma, uterus, bladder, kidney
50-75%: non-hodgkin’s, anus, Certix, oral cavity, colorectal, leukemia, myeloma
25-50%: Ovarian, Brain, Stomach
<25% - Lung, esophagus, liver, pancreas
TNM
used for solid masses; describes primary (T)umor, spread to (L)ymph nodes, and (M)etastasis; most widely used system; includes numbers to indicate increasing levels of each letter
Ann Arbor
used for classifying lymphomas and other cancers of the blood and bone marrow
FIGO
used for uterus, cervix, ovaries, vagina, and vulva cancers; developed by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics; uses TNM information
COG
Childhood cancers
SEER
summary staging for all cancers; includes 5 main categories; registry supported by National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program
Nottingham/Elston-Ellis
used for breast cancer; grades tubule formation, nuclear grade, and mitotic rate
Gleason score
-prostate - based on slides
-Gleason x = scores of ≤5
-Gleason6 - low-grade cancer
-Gleason 7 - medium grade
Gleason 8+ - high-grade w/ poorly differentiated cells
TNM system
ECOG performance status
0-100 performance score
Cancer stages 0-IV
Histologic grading
-biopsy slide of cells to determine the aggressiveness of a tumor based on 5 features
-Cellular Atypia
-Mitotic Activity
-Degree of cellularity
-Endothelial proliferation
-Degree of necrosis
Histologic grading 5 types and definitions
Adjuvant therapy/neoadjuvant therapy
neo - given before the main form of treatment
Adjuvant - treatment to keep cancer from returning. Typically used after primary to decrease risk of recurrence
Cell cycle phases
G0 = resting stage
G1 = Gap 1 = beginning of reproducing - RNA + protein synthesis
S = Synthesis of DNA
G2 = gap 2 = RNA/protein synthesis after DNA synthesis but before cell division
M = mitosis = cell division
Chemotherapy sensitivity
-Chemos target different parts of cell cycle
-some are cell-cycle specific and so effective only on cells in that phase
-others are active throughout
Why administer in cycles of chemo
-to take advantage of the cell cycle of the tumor + condition of patient
Why give continuous infusions
-to catch slower dividing cells as they enter cell division
what is biotherapy/immunotherapy
-stimulation of patient’s own immune system to fight disease
-also called biologic response modifiers
HLAs
-human leukocyte antigens - proteins on surface of blood cells
-need to be matched as closely as possible with donor for BMT
Graft vs. host disease
-when T-lymphocytes attack newly introduced cells after BMT
3 types of stem cell transplantation
- Allogenic - from one person to another, can be match-related or unrelated (family or not)
- Syngeneic - from an identical twin
- Autologous - from self prior to treatment
where do you harvest bone marrow from
-how much do you take
-superior iliac crest
-based on body weight - 10-15 mL/kg requiring 150-200 aspirations
what happens after bone marrow harvest
-transplant IV
-cells reestablish normal marrow function 1 to 4 weeks later
