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OCN > Common Hematologic Disorders > Flashcards

Common Hematologic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Hemolytic anemia
-what it is

A

-destruction of red blood cells, either congenital or acquired

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2
Q

-two types of congenital anemia + treatments

A
  1. Enzyme abnormality (G6PD deficiency) - when exposed to certain chemicals, drugs, infections, or pregnancy (avoid cause!)
  2. Cell membrane defect - abnormal shape causes spleen sequestering + destruction. Treatment = supportive - splenectomy, rest, O2, blood products, etc
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3
Q

types of acquired anemia

A
  1. acquired hemolytic
  2. warm-antibody
  3. Cold-reactive
  4. nutritional (iron deficiency)
  5. nutritional (Megaloblastic anemia)
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4
Q

warm-antibody anemia + treatment

A

-ImmunoglobulinG attachs to RBC membrane - destruction
-Steroids, immunosuppress, splenectomy + PRBC

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5
Q

Cold-reactive anemia + treatment

A

-IgM antibodies attach to red blood cells and cause agglutination (clumping) + hemolysis with exposure to cold
-treatment: avoid cold, PRBC, Plasma exchange

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6
Q

Megaloblastic anemia and symptoms

A

-B12, folate or both deficiency
-give B12 or folic acid sup

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7
Q

Acquired hemolytic anemia + treatment

A

-weird shape from various disorders - ID, drugs, chemicals, toxins in bites,
-tx: remove cause, transfuse,

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8
Q

symptoms of polycythemia vera + what is it

A

sx: HA, pruritis, coagulation disorders
what: bone marrow makes too many RBCs - blood gets thick + clot risk

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9
Q

mgmt polycythemia vera

A

-therapeutic phlebotomy + meds
-prevent hyperviscosity syndrome w/
1. hydration, but avoid volume overload
2. Move to prevent clot formation
3. Antihistamines for itching + avoid iron

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10
Q

what causes pruritis in polycythemia vera

A

-increased histamine and/or skin mast cells

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11
Q

Disorders of white blood cells

A
  1. Neutropenia
  2. Lymphoproliferative disorders
  3. Myeloproliferative disorders
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12
Q

neutropenia

A

-decrease in number of neutrophile cells in circulating blood

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13
Q

lymphoproliferative disorders

A

-excessive production of lymphocytes
1. CLL - chronic lymphocytic leukemia
2. ALL - acute lymphoblastic leukemia

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14
Q

CLL - what is it

A

-increase in well-differentiated lymphocytes in BMT + peripheral blood that function poorly + lead to immunodeficiency

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15
Q

treatment for CLL

A

-IVIG
-Chemo (alkylating)
-managing recurrent infections

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16
Q

ALL - what is it

A

-> 30% lymphoblasts present in bone marrow
-causes anemia, thrombocytopenia, granulocytopenia

17
Q

treatment for ALL

A

-Chemo to eradicated leukemic cells + maintain remission
-intrathecal MTX
-potentially BMT

18
Q

Myeloproliferative disorders

A
  1. CML - Chronic myelogenous leukemia
  2. AML - Acute myelogenous Leukemia
19
Q

CML - what is it + treatment

A

-chromosomal abnormality resulting in lots of mature + immature granulocytes + splenomegaly
-chemo and maybe BMT

20
Q

CML phases

A
  1. Chronic - can last for years, controlled with chemo
  2. Accelerated - difficult to treat
  3. Blast crisis - usually impossible to treat - couple months
21
Q

AML - what it is + tx

A

-disorder of hematopoietic stem cells
-abnormal production of erythrocytes, neutrophils + megakaryocytes

22
Q

Aplastic anemia + causes

A

-bone marrow mostly replaced by fat
-can be exposure to radiation, chemicals, viruses, drugs

23
Q

3 bone marrow disorders

A
  1. Aplastic anemia
  2. Myelodysplastic syndrome
  3. Myelofibrosis
24
Q

treatment of aplastic anemia

A

-PRBC
-Epo
-immunosuppressive agents
-BMT

25
Q

Myelodysplastic syndrome

A

-idiopathic clonal hematopoietic disease
-group of disorders where blood cells are poorly formed/don’t work, resulting in suppression of bone marrow function –> fatal pancytopenia or acute leukemia

26
Q

myelofibrosis

A

-rare blood cancer that causes scarring of bone marrow (essentially scar tissue builds up in bone marrow)

27
Q

Myelofibrosis treatment

A
  1. Blood products -PRBC/plt
  2. Drugs: corticosteroids, EPO, interferon-alpha, hydroxyurea, thalidomide, lenalidomide
  3. surgery - splenectomy
  4. Prevention - infection prevention
28
Q

How do bone marrow disorders work

A

-typically failure of bone marrow to produce precursor cells for peripheral hematologic components

OCN (7 decks)

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