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Psych 335 > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Mental Health

A

State of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community

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2
Q

Distinction between Mental Health Disorders and Mental Health Issues

A
  • Mental health issues can present symptoms of disorders and these will commonly be experienced by individuals throughout their life; they may show up in certain contexts and, although potentially uncomfortable or disruptive, they are normal responses
  • Mental disorders are more so severe, can be long lasting and often result in diagnosis; although the exact definitions may vary, they tend to be measured based on their abnormality, dysfunction, danger and distress caused
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3
Q

Why is mental health important

A
  • Global impact
  • Early onset of mental health disorders
  • Suicide statistics
  • Connection between physical and mental health
  • Barriers to care
  • Inequalities in mental health resources
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4
Q

Why become a Clinical Psychologist?

A
  • Desire to be in a helping profession
  • Diverse roles (clinic, private, public, hospital, profs, etc.)
  • Career development (chance to train others, mentor, participate in/conduct research
  • Impactful research (researchers and when working w ppl as they must work together to bridge gap
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5
Q

WHO Data on Psychologists and Psychiatrists in World Bank Income Group Countries

A

Amount of both professions but notably psychologists lowers with income demonstrating a decreasing access, although those countries are ones that would logically require mental health services the most

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6
Q

Challenges of Clinical Psychologists

A
  • Time management (so many roles which can make it very difficult)
  • Maintaining Balance (need to figure out boundaries, like when you are available and how to support and maintain own mental health)
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7
Q

Why should you care about clinical psychology

A
  • Whether as a future clinical psych, a future colleague of one or a future manager of one, you must know enough to provide competent and ethical services, whether yourself as you work with diverse populations with various needs and issues, in a team with diverse degrees to provide a more wholistic service to provide clients with optimal opportunities for getting better to or to YOUR team like health care administration and advocating for or supporting your staff’s well-being. Also as a taxpayer it is good to know what psychological services are worth supporting and as a consumer of psychological services, as you or anyone in your social circle could require such support throughout their life
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8
Q

Definitions of clinical psychology

A

Application of psychological knowledge to alleviate distress & promote well-being through a range of activities like: assessment, diagnosis, consultation, treatment, program evaluation, administration, research, etc.

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9
Q

Clinical psychology is guided by (CPA) principles of:

A
  • Respect for dignity of persons (ensure individuals are treated with respect & dignity)
  • Responsible caring (provide safety)
  • Integrity in relationships (build trust & honesty)
  • Responsibility to society (doing what you need to do as a psychologist for society)
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10
Q

Evidence-based Practice in Psychology

A

Things we use in clinical psych in our services and activities are based on empirical research

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11
Q

Three main components of EBP

A

1) Data from research
2) Data from the patient
3) Drawing from professional’s experience

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12
Q

How EBP is integrated into health and human service systems?

A
  • Three components
  • Importance of informing patients about options for assessment, prevention, or intervention services & clear decision between psychologist and client for what is the best course of treatment to achieve optimal outcome
  • What is appropriate & practical suggestions moving forward
  • Ensures services are grounded in best possible practice with acknowledgment/tailoring to each individual
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13
Q

National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE)

A
  • Psych treatments are helpful in treatment of disorders like anxiety and depression based on effectiveness and longterm outcomes (sustainable tools provided in sessions to sustain MH post treatment)
  • Psychological treatment at least as effective as medication
  • Fund access to psychological treatments delivered by trained mental health professionals (everyone can benefit from EBP services)
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14
Q

Why do we need mental health professionals?

A
  • More than 450,000,000 worldwide have mental disorders
  • Life style factors associated with risk of mental health and physical health problems
  • Cost of mental disorder (In Canada, estimated to be $63B in 2013)
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15
Q

Costs of mental disorder include:

A
  • Absenteeism (lost productivity)
  • Unemployment and underemployment (challenges in maintaining or finding work)
  • Disability costs
  • Health service costs (more demand for physical and mental health services)
  • Premature death
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16
Q

Mental Health Professions - Psychology

A
  • Counselling
  • School
  • Clinical
  • Health
  • Forensic
  • Clinical neuropsychology
  • Approx. 17,000 in Canada
17
Q

Mental Health Professions - Medicine

A

Psychiatry (approx. 4,770 in Canada)

18
Q

Mental Health Professions - Nursing

A

Psychiatric nurse (approx. 5,300 in CA)

19
Q

Mental Health Professions - Social work

A

Clinical social work (approx. 44,000 in CA)

20
Q

Mental Health Professions - Counselling

A

Numbers unknown as not consistently regulated across jurisdictions

21
Q

Availability of psychologists

A
  • WHO showed the relative numbers of psychologists and psychiatrists per 100,000 people in income group countries
  • Can also depend on location, like when considering disparities in rural versus urban areas (a lot of accessibility barriers and inequalities in rural areas, as there are less psychologists present and/or they are less equipped for rural specific issues)
  • Variability and coverage of fees can also have an impact, by having some services covered whereas others are not (which is also dependent on status, location, etc.)
22
Q

History of Clinical Psychology - Hippocrates

A

At the origins of the biopsychosocial view and model, where to fully understand someone(‘s situation) you had to consider their upbringing, social life, social circle(s), genes, medical history, their psychology and their mental health

23
Q

History of Clinical Psychology - Enlightenment

A
  • Pinel who advocated for compassion in confinement as well as humane practice
  • Tuke who advocated and pushed for supportive treatment
  • Rush who was considered the father of psychiatry
24
Q

History of Clinical Psychology - European Psychiatry

A
  • Charcot advanced the understanding of neuropsychological disorders & psychological symptoms
  • Janet who specialized and advanced knowledge in dissociation and trauma
  • Freud who focused on psychoanalysis, with the unconscious and psychodynamics
25
Q

History of Assessment

A
  • Assessment is the first major activity in clinical psychology and has lead to the development of many tools to assess differences
  • Intelligence was one of the first traits to be assessed with the development of the Binet, then Stanford-Binet test, followed by the Wechsler test
  • Mental disorders and diagnostic systems was another big one, with the DSM (APA) being developed (used widely in North America) and the ICD (WHO) (used worldwide)
  • Personality was also big in assessment with the use of Personality Inventories (PI) and is used to diagnose psychiatric disorders, to quantify symptoms, see where or with who the symptoms present
26
Q

History of Intervention

A
  • Lead to the development of various theoretical orientations (CBA, psychoanalytic, behavioural, humanistic, eclectic, etc.)
  • Demonstrated the importance of research in evaluating therapy outcomes, as without evaluations it is difficult to see how a treatment is going
  • Pushed for evidence-based treatments, meaning they are supported by research; for example, therapies like CBT for depression and OCD and DBT for BPD showed promising results in research and world settings
27
Q

Cognitive Behavioural Approach (CBA)

A

Therapies with this approach focus on thought patterns and its impacts on behaviours; idea is that if thought patterns are successfully altered or rearranged, unhealthy or problematic behaviours will change also

28
Q

Psychoanalytic Approach

A

Focuses in the unconscious

29
Q

Behavioural Approach

A

Looks into observable behaviours, a lot more overt although there are some covert elements included as well

30
Q

Humanistic approach

A

Approach that emphasizes self-actualization and personal growth of client

31
Q

Eclectic Approach

A

An integrative model of different theoretical orientations, based on the client and therapist; adaptive approach

32
Q

History of Prevention

A
  • To date there is only a limited focus on prevention, as there has been more of an emphasis on treatment, but there has been calls for a necessary shift of focus to reduce incidences of disorders before they require treatment
  • To do so there have been a growing number of evidence-based programs focusing on disorders in children (like Tame the Worry Dragon, where children are taught to externalize feelings and worries and to draw their feeling (worry dragon) and try to tame it)
33
Q

The future of clinical psychology

A
  • It is hard to know exactly in what direction this domain will go, but many factors raise possibilities, like:
  • The role of science in clinical psych
  • The growing use of technology, such as tele-health, tele-therapy, and self-help app
  • The emphasis on the Biopsychosocial model which helps understand individuals holistically
  • Growing attention to cost effectiveness to make interventions more accessible and affordable (sliding scales, volunteering their services to organizations and public sectors, etc.)
34
Q

The double edged sword of technology growth with mental health - Pros

A
  • On one hand, services being available online addresses certain barriers limiting accessibility to mental health services and increases the reach of services
  • Also the popularity of psychology has increased the information available to the public and made it easier to find resources
  • More people talking about psychology allowed for supportive and safe platforms to form with influencers or others speaking out on their issues, which has encouraged people to realize and address issues, feel less isolated and combat stigmatization
35
Q

The double edged sword of technology growth with mental health - Cons

A
  • Information being too available and not always accurate, increasing disinformation and misinformation
  • With people speaking out on topics without having proper formation to do so or fact-checking or expressing their personal experience as general, leading to increasing (potentially inaccurate) self-diagnoses
  • Generalization and misunderstanding of certain disorders or issues, as well as a lack of distinction between them, leading to invalidating discourses (ADHD)

Psych 335 (3 decks)

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