Intro Flashcards
Pathology definition
Pathology: Study of essential nature of disease, disease process and the structural and functional changes in organs and tissue that can cause or are caused by disease.
define pathophysiology, patient, lesion, eyiology
Pathophysiology: “pathos= suffering, physiology=study of normal function”.
⚫ Patient: person affected by disease
⚫ Lesions: characteristic changes in tissue and cells
produced by disease in an individual or animal.
⚫ Etiology (cause): causal factors responsible for the lesion (the ‘why’ of the disease).
Etiology can either be:l
⚫ A. Genetic or
⚫ B. Acquired
Etiology can either be:l
⚫ A. Genetic or
⚫ B. Acquired
Morphology/morphologic changes: include
⚫ A. Gross changes
⚫ B. Microscopic change
Definition of symptoms, clinical signs, syndrome, disease, diagnosis
Symptoms: functional implications of lesion felt by the patient
⚫ Clinical signs: elicitation of evidence of disease by physical examination by a clinician.
⚫ Syndromes: constellation of clinical signs and symptoms that are seen in a disease condition.
⚫ Disease course/progress/history
⚫ Diagnosis: The decision reached by a clinician after clinical history, examination, and investigations.
Definition of prognosis, treatment, prevention,
Prognosis: the possible outcome of a disease
⚫ Treatment: what is done for the disease
⚫ Prevention: what should be done to avoid complication or spread – primary, secondary and tertiary
Definition of prognosis, treatment, prevention,
Prognosis: the possible outcome of a disease
⚫ Treatment: what is done for the disease
⚫ Prevention: what should be done to avoid complication or spread – primary, secondary and tertiary
Discus the evolution of pathology
From
Prehistoric time to AD 1500:
⚫ AD 1500 – 1800
⚫ AD1800-1950s
⚫ 1950s to present times
Prehistoric time to AD 1500: From religious beliefs and magic to rational approach
⚫ AD 1500 – 1800: From human anatomy to era of gross pathology
⚫ AD1800-1950s: Era of technology development and cellular pathology.
⚫ 1950s to present times: Modern pathology
Discus the evolution of pathology
From
Prehistoric time to AD 1500:
⚫ AD 1500 – 1800
⚫ AD1800-1950s
⚫ 1950s to present times
Prehistoric time to AD 1500: From religious beliefs and magic to rational approach
⚫ AD 1500 – 1800: From human anatomy to era of gross pathology
⚫ AD1800-1950s: Era of technology development and cellular pathology.
⚫ 1950s to present times: Modern pathology
Prehistoric time (Medieval period) to AD 1500
⚫ From religious beliefs and magic to rational approach
⚫ Disease = ‘curse from God’
⚫ Ascelpios and Apollo – Mythological Greek gods of healing
⚫ Period of philosophical and rational approach to disease by methods of observation: great Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle introduced philosophical concepts to all natural phenomena
HIPPOCRATES – THE “FATHER OF
MEDICINE”
▪He followed rational and ethical attitudes in practice and teaching of medicine – hence the “Hippocratic Oath”
▪He firmly believed in the study of patient’s symptoms and described methods of diagnosis.
▪Made lasting contributions to the field of medicine, such as :
-The use of prognosis and clinical observation
-The systematic categorization of disease
-The formulation of humoral theory.
SUBDIVISONS OF ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY
⚫ SURGICAL PATHOLOGY: deals with the study of tissues removed from the living body. Includes study of tissue by paraffin embedding techniques and by frozen sections.
⚫ FORENSIC PATHOLOGY/MEDICINE AND AUTOPSY WORK: includes the study of organs and tissues removed at postmortem for medicolegal work or for the determining the underlying sequence and cause of death.
⚫ CYTOPATHOLOGY: includes the study of cells shed off from the lesions (exfoliative cytology) and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of lesions.
GROSS EXAMINATION OF ORGANS: has two major components
viz –
⚫ A. Determining what organ you are looking at! ⚫ B. Determining what’s wrong (the pathology)! ⚫ Useful gross features include:
❖ - Size
❖ -Shape
❖ Consistency ❖ Colour
B. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF TISSUE: This includes the use of =
⚫ A. Light microscopy for :
Hematoxylin and Eosin(H&E) – Gold
Standard Stain.
Special/histochemical stain
Immunohistochemical (antibody stain)
