Intro Flashcards
INTRO:
code aberration, solvent, interstitial fluid, ICF - what
cell interior vs. surface - solubility
male - main component (4), ECF (2) + BW + cells in ECF (2), water x age & fat, water ratio in intra vs. extracellular, total blood vol component (2)
water - food value, absorb where, insensible vs. sensible loss (4.1)
what replenishes ICF
if diarrhea = what = what happens to blood plasma = what happens to blood in heart
- code aberration: disrupted; sickle cell
- cell interior (lipid soluble), surface (water soluble)
- solvent: water = not much in food, absorbed in intestine
- interstitial fluid: outside cell
- intracellular fluid: inside cell
- interstitial fluid replenishes ICF
- if diarrhea = won’t absorb water so won’t also absorb bad shit = blood plasma loses water = blood more viscous = hard pumping
normal male
- main: water (60%), protein (18%), fat (15%), minerals (7%)
- ECF: interstitial fluid (15%), blood plasma (5%; water in blood & tighter for antigen)
- ECF has O & nutrients
- water IVP fat & age; 2/3 in intra 1/3 in extra
- total blood volume: blood plasma, cell of blood (hematocrit)
INTRO: Homeostasis
homeostasis - control system (4), equilibrium
negative feedback - what, thyroid release (2) + for > if decreased then what releases what > what releases what
positive feedback - what, baby = what releases what
HOMEOSTASIS
- control system: arterial blood pressure, pH, CO, O
- not equilibrium !
negative feedback
- inc in one shit = dec in other shit
- thyroid release T3 & T4 (inc metabolism); if decreased = hypothalamus will release thyrotrophin-releasing hormone = pituitary gland release TSH = thyroid release more
positive feedback
- inc in one shit = inc in other shit
- baby = pituitary gland releases more oxytocin
INTRO: Plasma Membrane
cell purpose (3)
forms, thickness, layering + (3) + middle has what, permeability, hydrowhat inside, function (3)
cell goat - other name, component, linked to [component]
ECF sets up what, ICF & ECF components (5), ICF charge
ionic vs. concentration gradient
- cell = supply, waste, homeostasis
- forms boundary of cell, 7.5-10nm, bilayer, highly selective permeability, hydrophilic inside
- layering: protein-lipid-protein (lipid has polar & nonpolar ends)
- cell goat/glycocalyx: carbs; linked to lipids
- functions: cell communication (since +/-), molecular interaction (why skin cells don’t easily breakdown), transport
ECF & ICF
- ECF sets up ionic gradient
- ionic gradient (electrical), concentration (chemical)
- ICF = negative charge
- components: NaKCa +, protein, phosphate
INTRO: Plasma Membrane - Lipids
main purpose (2), %
phospholipid - polar/non-polar head (charge), purpose, kink/joint (component & create), steroid (3 + where)
cholesterol - group, ring vs. tail, effect on permeability, for (4), membrane fluidity x temp
glycolipid - presence, what (2), effect on permeability
- main purpose: structure, impermeable to water
- 80%
phospholipid
- polar head (hydrophilic/charged), nonpolar head (hydrophobic/no charge) = allows water in
- kink/joint: space between heads; unsaturated fatty acids
- steroid: testosterone estrogen progesterone; make membrane more strict
cholesterol
- hydroxyl group
- hydrophobic steroid ring, hydrocarbon tail
- make less permeable to water; mechanical stability, resist tensile forces, allows compression & expansion, flexibility
- membrane at >37C = less fluid since it might steam
- membrane at <35C = more fluid since it might freeze
glycolipid
- carbs & sugar added on fat; allow more water
- many in plasma membrane but absent in other membranes
INTRO: Plasma Membrane - Lipids
since all are what = forms (2)
motion - fluid mosaic model, lat diffusion (when for stopper), rotation (where), flexion (where), flip flop (when)
saturated vs. unsaturated hydrocarbon form (?) = packing, membrane composition; must be balanced why
- all lipids are amphipathic (hydrophilic/polar & hydrophobic/nonpolar head) = forms micelle formation (why oil water don’t mix) & bilayer (strong)
motion
- fluid mosaic model: all move even if hard
- lateral diffusion: for cellular growth, 107/sec, stopped by cholesterol
- rotation: along long axis
- flexibility: at center of bilayer
- flip flop: switch layers, once a month
hydrocarbon
- saturated hydrocarbon = straight hydrocarbon = easy to pack/solid/more permeable
- unsaturated hydrocarbon = kinks = difficult to pack/more fluid/less permeable
- must be balanced so membrane is not too solid/fluid when temperatures change
INTRO: Plasma Membrane - Proteins
integral - where, pathic, bind with (2), arrangement, single vs. multi-pass, motion (2)
peripheral - where, pathic, bind with (1)
carbohydrates - effect, where, galactocerebroside vs. ganglioside where (2.1), glycoprotein vs. glycolipid, cell identity (3), cell communication (1)
PROTEINS
integral
- both intra & extra; amphipathic; arranged as lipid
- bind covalently with phospholipid & FA
- motion: lat diffusion, rotation
peripheral
- either intra or extra; not amphipathic
- bind with integral protein or polar region of membrane
CARBOHYDRATES
- make lipids & protein more attracted to water
- in outer half of bilayer
- galacto (myelin sheath), ganglio (nerve & interstitial cells)
- glycoprotein (binded to protein), glycolipid (to fat)
- cell identity: protein, membrane, marker
- cell communication: receptor
INTRO: Cytoskeleton
function (3), rigidity
actin - % in muscle cells
microtubule
- cilia & flagella: what, for, where (1.2)
- principal component, forms, process (2), function (2), from (purpose in development)
- assembly end: by, metabolism=MT
- disassembly end: by, metabolism=MT
intermediate filament - what, where, connects
microfilament - what/shape/made of
microvilli - cell type, bounded by (2)
cytoskeleton
- not fixed structure
- function: structure, movement, binding
- actin: 80% of muscle cells
- intermediate filament: protein, at z-disk, connects nuclear membrane to cell membrane
- microfilament: fiber/actin
- microvilli: columnar cell; bounded by basal membrane & hemidesmosome
microtubule
- cilia: hairlike, in respiratory cells; filter
- flagella: wormlike, in uterine & sperm cells
- tubulin: principal component
- forms spindle for mitosis/meiosis
- function: speed up transport, guide proteins
- from centriole: makes spindle in development, just maintains MT after
- assembly end: warmth = inc metabolism = more MT
INTRO: Membrane Junctions
allows, macula vs. zonula
anchoring junctions - for, desmosome name + where (3), zonula adherens where (1), spot desmosome connected to (2), hemidesmosome binds what to what of what via what + vs. desmosome, desmogleins where
occluding/tight junction - zonula occludens where + does what to cell = effect = restrict what, paracellular gates purpose & where (2)
- allows communication
- macula (circular), zonula (belt/ladder)
ANCHORING JUNCTION
- for stabilize cell
- desmosome/macula adherens: in GI, epithelial, skeletal cells
- zonula adherens: along membrane
- spot desmosome: connected to each other & base
- hemidesmosome: half desmosome; demi binds cell to cell, this shit binds cells to membrane; binds cell to ECM of basal via glycoprotein
- demsmoglein: between desmo & hemi
OCCLUDING/TIGHT JUNCTION
- zonula occludens: at apical region of epithelial cells; forms band around cell then bye extracellular space = no movement of molecules
- paracellular gates: allows water; in GI & epithelial cells
INTRO: Membrane Junctions & Extracellular Matrix
nexus/gap - shape, size, fusion, vs. desmosome & tight, ion x opening, does what to cell, important for (2.2.1)
extracellular matrix
- interstitium: % of ECF, blood vs. bone
- function (5)
- component: fiber (2), packing (2), adhesive protein (2)
COMMUNICATING JUNCTION
nexus/gap
- small, oval, easy fusion & growth
- does not leave cell unlike desmo & tight junction; no access to ECF
- for: chemical & electrical coupling, cell growth & differentiation, signal
- need ion = open; don’t need ion = close
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
- interstitium: 3/4 of ECF; solid in bone, liquid in blood
- function: structure, bridge spaces between cells, store hormones & growth factor, wound healing
- fiber: elastin & collagen
- packing: PAG & GAG
- adhesive protein: fibronectin & lamina
INTRO: Cystoplasm
contains, organization
nucelus - contains, nuclear envelope (purpose + cont with + barr body), nucleoli attach + has (3), pores purpose, neurofibril (bundle + main component of)
mitochondria - shape, where many, internal cellular respiration, crista (where & what occurs), outer membrane (provides 2)
lysosome - acidity vs. cytoplasm, membrane yes or no, has (1), necrosis vs. apoptosis, primary vs. secondary vs. residual, phagocytic vs. autophagic vacuole
- contains ICF, highly organized
NUCLEUS
- contains DNA
- nuclear envelope: protects, cont c rough ER of cytoplasm, barr body (2 X chromosomes)
- pores: allow DNA & RNA passage to other cells
- neurofibril: bundle = neurofilament (main component of cytoskeleton)
- nucleoli: ribosomes attach here; has DNA RNA protein
MITOCHONDRIA
- sausage, many in high-metabolic activity
- internal cellular respiration: ATP from food
- crista: in inner membrane; krebs cycle & biological oxidation
- outer membrane: provides carbs & FA to inner
LYSOSOME
- more acidic than cytoplasm; membrane; has fragments of other shit
- necrosis (unwanted death d/t trauma), apoptosis (cell death)
- primary (just digestive enzyme), secondary (digesting), residual (undigested)
- phagocytic (ate others), autophagic (ate self)
INTRO: Cystoplasm
rough ER - other name, component (1), for (2), shape
smooth ER - other name, for (2)
ribosome - component (2), for (2), transcription vs. translation
golgi - where in cell, shape, function (1), packs (2) to where & forms (2), stores what (+ carbs = what), cis vs. trans cisterns
peroxisome - anabolic vs. catabolic, function (1)
ROUGH ER/GRANULAR
- has ribosome; tubules
- for: protein synthesis & secretion
SMOOTH ER/AGRANULAR
- for: detoxification, steroid synthesis
RIBOSOME
- mRNA, proteins
- for protein & hemoglobin synthesis
- transcription: DNA has code so mRNA will try to get it
- translation: tRNA will attach amino acids to mRNA depending on code
GOLGI APPARATUS
- near nucleus, wavy; quality control
- packs proteins & lipids to plasma membrane, forms lysosomes & secretory vesicles
- stores nissl protein which +carbs = glycoprotein
- cis cistern (entry), trans (exit)
PEROXISOME
- anabolic (build), catabolic (break down)
- function: detoxification
INTRO: Communication
types - gap junction, membrane bond (for), chemical (via 2)
types - direct (via), paracrine (how), endocrine (how), nerve, neuroendocrine
receptor/ion/primary ligand
ideal for + why, example, receptor as (2)
- nicotinic-Ach-Na: Ach solubility, how (2 at where = 2)
- NMDA: type of gate, for, how (2.1)
- GABA Cl, glycine Cl: how
types
- gap junction: direct cell to cell
- membrane bond: good for immune system
- chemical: via nervous & paracrine
types
- direct: via gap junction; no ECF
- paracrine: release substance to ECF til reach other cell
- endocrine: release into bloodstream
- nerve: release neurotransmitter/chemical; immediate
- neuroendocrine: release chemical signals
RECEPTOR/ION CHANNEL/PRIMARY LIGAND
- ideal for neurotransmission since fast (eg. touch hot object)
- receptor as both effector & channel
nicotinic-ACh-Na channel
- ACh: water soluble
- ACh & nicotine bind to receptor = Na enter K exit (depolarization)
n-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA)
- for memory; ligand & voltage gated
- allow Na Ca enter, K exit
GABA-Cl & glycine-Cl
- GABA/glycine bind to reeptor = Cl enter
INTRO: Communication - G protein linked
structures (30, G protein (attach where)
norepinephrine - as what, solubility + therefore how effect
how - norepinephrine bind to what = 2G > 1=1 > 1
speed, example
- need receptor, enzyme, ion channel
- slow, like road rage after annoying driver
- G protein attaches to receptor
- norepinephrine (ligand): water soluble = can’t pass PM
norepinephrine to receptor = alpha will dislodge fromm G protein = enzyme adenylate cyclase
ATP will be dislodged from ADP = cyclic AMP
cyclic AMP will activate enzyme = open channel
INTRO: Transport
diffusion - concentration, needs, order (6), voltage vs. ligand vs. mechanical gating, carrier (speed), relationship with permeability + area of diffusion + temp + size + viscocity + lipid solubility
osmosis - ion concentration x water x OP, osmotic pressure, concentration (2), includes (1)
active - concentration, NaKCa (how many), symport vs. antiport (+ example)
macromolecular - (2.2)
RMP
DIFFUSION
- high to lower water concentration
- molecules move
- don’t need ATP
- DP permeability, area, temp, lipid solubility
- IVP size, viscocity
- order of ease: gas, small uncharged, water, large uncharged, small charged, large uncharged
- voltage gating: based on RMP (-70mv)
- ligand gating: need something to attach to receptor
- mechanical gating: via cell deformation; sensory receptors when touched
OSMOSIS
- high to low water, low to high ion, low to high OP
- osmotic pressure: needed to stop osmosis
- water/solvent moves via aquaporins
ACTIVE
- low to high, 3 Na out 2 K in
- symport: channel transfers in one direction; sodium-glucose carrier
- antiport: channel transfers in opposing direction; sodium-potassium pump
MACROMOLECULAR
- endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis
- exocytosis: constitutive (vesicles), regulated
