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HISTOPATH LEC > INTRO > Flashcards

INTRO Flashcards

1
Q

Father of Modern Pathology

A

Rudolph Virchow

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2
Q

Refers to the death of the entire body

A

Somatic Death

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3
Q

Involves examination of dead body

A

Autopsy

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4
Q

Acquired decrease in tissue or organ size

A

Atrophy

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5
Q

Study of tumor or neoplasm

A

Oncology

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6
Q

It is the manner on how the disease developed

A

Pathogenesis

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7
Q

Release of foul odor due to increase (bacterial decomposition) in saprophytic organ, manifested by greenish discoloration of abdomen due to invasion

A

Putrefaction

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8
Q

Type of autopsy done in private hospitals to determine cause to death

A

Routine Hospital Autopsy or Clinical Autopsy

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9
Q

Cell death is due to ischemia

A

Coagulative

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10
Q

Affected cells can get back to its normal state or condition by using several cellular adaptations mechanism

A

Reversible Injury

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11
Q

Condensation of nucleus

A

Pyknosis

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12
Q

Tumor formation; continuous proliferation of abnormal cells

A

Neoplasia

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13
Q

Cells involved is epithelial cells

A

Epithelial Metaplasia

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14
Q

Failure of organ to form an opening

A

Atresia

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15
Q

Due to lack of hormones needed to maintain normal size and structure

A

Endocrine Atrophy

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16
Q

Happens when limits of adaptive response are exceeded or when the cell is exposed to an injurious agent or stress

A

Cell Injury

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17
Q

Fragmentation or segmentation of nucleus

A

Karyorrhexis

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18
Q

Program cell death; cell shrinkage; normal cell death; death of single cell in a cluster of cells

A

Apoptosis

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19
Q

Cell swelling; the affected cell becomes enlarged

A

Necrosis

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20
Q

Due to arterial occlusion
i.e. bacterial infection

A

Dry Gangrene

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21
Q

Destruction of functioning units of tissue

A

Function laesa

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22
Q

Drying and wrinkling of the anterior chamber of the eye and cornea

A

Desiccation

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23
Q

Changes that can be noted few hours after death

A

Secondary Changes

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24
Q

Rigidity; stiffening of muscles

A

Rigor Mortis

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25
Q

Destruction of cells or tissues

A

Autolysis

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26
Q

Organs are removed per group

A

Anton Ghon’s Technique

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27
Q

Involves examination only of a region or few regions of the body

A

Partial Autopsy

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28
Q

Must be release after 1 week

A

Autopsy Report

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29
Q

Slowly growing mass

A

Benign Tumors

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30
Q

Determines the spread of cancer in a patient

A

Staging of Tumors

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31
Q

Determines the percentage of differentiated and undifferentiated

A

Grading of Tumors

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32
Q

Retention Period (SPECIMEN): Pathology Blocks

A

10 years

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33
Q

Must be release 5 - 15 minutes

A

Frozen Section

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34
Q

Result of biopsy; Must be release after 24 hours

A

Surgical Pathology

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35
Q

Cadaver is opened from both shoulders down from the xiphoid area and incised down to the pubis

A

Y shaped incision

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36
Q

Involves examination of the whole body (head to foot)

A

Complete

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37
Q

All organs are removed at same time

A

Technique by M. Letulle
(Letulle)

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38
Q

Redness

A

Rubor

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39
Q

Appears soft and greasy – resembling cottage cheese

A

Caseous

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40
Q

Tissue reaction to injury

A

Inflammation

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41
Q

One of the paired organs is removed

A

Compensatory Hypertrophy

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42
Q

AKA pre-neoplastic lesion or atypical metaplasia

A

Dysplasia

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43
Q

AKA de-differentiation

A

Anaplasia

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44
Q

Common term for all malignant tumors (benign or malignant)

A

Cancer

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45
Q

Too much workload can cause general wasting of tissues

A

Exhaustion Atrophy

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46
Q

Increase in size is due to an increase in the size of individual cells comprising an organ; NO new cells are produced

A

Hypertrophy

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47
Q

Structural, biochemical, functional changes

A

Molecular and Morphologic Changes

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48
Q

Complete non-appearance of organ; absence of organ, did not develop (at birth)

A

Agenesia

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49
Q

A state that lies intermediate between NORMAL/UNSTRESSED cell & INJURED/OVERSTRESSED cell

A

Cellular Adaptation

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50
Q

Involves transformation of adult cell to another adult cell

A

Metaplasia

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51
Q

Involves removal of the entire mass / organ. Most reliable

A

Excisional Biopsy

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52
Q

Involves removal and examination of tissues sample from a living person to detect malignant / cancerous conditions

A

Biopsy

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53
Q

Result of PAP’s SMEAR. Must be release after 24 hours

A

Cytopathology

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54
Q

Blood will clot

A

Post mortem clotting

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55
Q

Purplish discoloration of skin due to sinking of fluid blood into capillaries of the dependent parts

A

Livor Mortis/ Lividity/ Post Mortem Hemolysis

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56
Q

AKA Necropsy

A

Autopsy

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57
Q

Done by government institutions such as NBI for the purpose of prosecution

A

Medico Legal Autopsy/ Forensic Autopsy

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58
Q

Cause; Either genetic or acquired; Some are idiopathic (unknown cause)

A

Etiology

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59
Q

Incomplete of defective development of organ

A

Aplasia

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60
Q

Abnormal growth and differentiation; Variation of size, shape and orientation; A pre-neoplastic lesion

A

Dysplasia

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61
Q

New growth; Tumor

A

Neoplasm

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62
Q

Cell injury can be ______ or ______

A

Reversible or Irreversible

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63
Q

Pain; due to the release of chemical substances

A

Dolor

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64
Q

Dissection is carried out in its original place

A

Technique by Karl Rokitansky

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65
Q

Commonly done in children and infants

A

Straight cut incision

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66
Q

Involves removal of top layer of skin by shaving

A

Shave Biopsy

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67
Q

Retention Period (SPECIMEN): Cytogenetic slides

A

3 years

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68
Q

Retention Period (RECORDS): Autopsy Forensic Reports

A

Indefinitely

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69
Q

What is the benign tumor of BONE?

A

Osteoma

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70
Q

Poorly differentiated, moderately or well differentiated

A

Malignant Tumor

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71
Q

Affects group of neighboring cells

A

Necrosis

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72
Q

Due to the complete digestion of dead cells

A

Liquefactive

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73
Q

Fat destruction due to release of pancreatic lipases, death of fat tissue due to loss of blood supply

A

Fat Necrosis

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74
Q

Due to venous occlusion i.e embolism of foot

A

Wet Gangrene

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75
Q

What are the 2 ultimate goals of inflammation

A
  1. To remove injurious agent
  2. Remove consequences of inflammation
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76
Q

Due to disease (pathologic); accidental and unregulated; ALWAYS PATHOLOGIC PROCESS

A

Necrosis

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77
Q

Immune reactions in blood vessels; the changes are too small to see grossly

A

Fibrinoid

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78
Q

Involves removal of part of a mass/ organ, preferred for tumors which cannot be removed completely

A

Incisional Biopsy

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79
Q

Taking a deeper sample of skin with a biopsy instrument that removes a short cylinder, or “apple core,” of tissue

A

Punch Biopsy

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80
Q

What is the percentage of differentiated cells in Grade III?

A

50% - 25%

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81
Q

Retention Period (RECORDS): Cytogenetics Report

A

20 years

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82
Q

Retention Period (SPECIMEN): Cytogenetic Diagnostic Images

A

20 years

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83
Q

Involves the examination of surgical specimens removed from the body (biopsy) or sometimes the examination of dead body (autopsy) to diagnose disease and to determine cause of death respectively

A

Anatomical Pathology

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84
Q

Failure of an organ to reach its normal mature adult size

A

Hypoplasia

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85
Q

Cells may undergo various adaptations in certain physiologic and pathologic conditions, controlled by complex mechanisms

A

Cellular Adaptation

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86
Q

Replaces lost cells of the body

A

Labile Cells

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87
Q

Not capable of replication after maturation

A

Permanent Cells

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88
Q

Kind of hypertrophy that is due to disease

A

Pathologic Hypertrophy

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89
Q

Due to disease; may give rise to neoplasm; may be due to stimulation of growth factors

A

Pathologic Hyperplasia

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90
Q

Persistent or continuous pressure on the organ or tissue may directly injure the cell or may secondarily promote diminution of blood supply

A

Pressure Atrophy

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91
Q

The decrease of tissue or organ size is due to disease

A

Pathologic Atrophy

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92
Q

The inactivity or diminished activity/function

A

Atrophy of Disuse

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93
Q

Will lead to cell death

A

Irreversible Injury

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94
Q

How many minutes can a hypoxic injury be irreversible for neurons?

A

3 - 5 minutes

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95
Q

What are the gross changes in reversible injury?

A

Organ pallor
Increased weight

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96
Q

Cooling of the body; first secondary change to appear

A

Algor Mortis

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97
Q

What is the most important requirement in autopsy?

A

Get a consent from the nearest kin of the patient

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98
Q

Cadaver is opened from the midline of the body from the suprasternal notch down to the pubis

A

Straight Cut Incision

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99
Q

Named by adding suffix sarcoma or carcinoma

A

Malignant Tumor

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100
Q

No spread or metastasis

A

Benign Tumor

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101
Q

What is the percentage of undifferentiated cells in Grade I?

A

0% - 25%

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102
Q

Similar to FNAB but uses a larger needle for larger tissue sample

A

Core Biopsy

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103
Q

Process of taking pieces of tissues from a dead person for the purpose of examination or investigation

A

Autopsy

104
Q

On gross, necrotic material appears like “chalky white precipitates”

A

Fat Necrosis

105
Q

Plasma membrane remains intact, the cellular content do not leaked out; there is no leakage of cellular contents/components

A

Apoptosis

106
Q

Affected cells can no longer get back to its normal state

A

Irreversible Injury

107
Q

Irreversible injury is due to:

A
  1. Enzymatic digestion of cells
  2. Protein Denaturation
108
Q

A form of incisional biopsy where small pieces of tumor tissues are removed using special forceps. Example: endoscopic biopsy

A

Bite Biopsy

109
Q

Multi-disciplinary filed that focuses on disease at the sub microscopic, molecular level

A

Molecular Pathology

110
Q

Even the normal function could be affected

A

Functional Derangement and Clinical Manifestations

111
Q

The affected organ shows no resemblance to the normal adult structure

A

Aplasia

112
Q

Often used as criterion for malignancies

A

Anaplasia

113
Q

Involves laboratory analysis of body fluids (blood, urine, CSF etc) and other bodily tissue for the diagnosis of disease

A

Clinical Pathology

114
Q

Study of the structural, biochemical & functional changes in cells tissues, organs that underlie disease

A

Pathology

115
Q

Does not undergo cell division frequently

A

Stable Cells

116
Q

Heat; transfer of internal heat to the site of injury of tissue

A

Calor

117
Q

Swelling; due to the extravascular accumulation fluid

A

Tumor

118
Q

What are the 5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation?

A
  1. Rubor
  2. Dolor
  3. Calor
  4. Tumor
  5. Function laesa
119
Q

Changes that can be noted/observed immediately after death

A

Primary Changes

120
Q

The importance of ____ can determine if body position has changed at the scene of death

A

Livor Mortis/ Lividity/ Post Mortem Hemolysis

121
Q

Usually done in adult cadaver

A

Y shaped incision

122
Q

The organs are removed from the body one by one

A

Technique by Rudolph Virchow

123
Q

Best method to preserve vascular supply and relationship between organs

A

Anton Ghon’s Technique

124
Q

Retention Period (RECORDS): Clinical Pathology Lab. Reports (results in cc, hema, etc.)

A

10 years

125
Q

Retention Period (SPECIMEN): Pathology/Bone Marrow Slides

A

10 years

126
Q

Retention Period (RECORDS): Surgical Pathology and Bone Marrow Reports (histopath results)

A

10 years

127
Q

Noninvasive to another organ or tissues

A

Benign Tumors

128
Q

Loss of membrane integrity

A

Necrosis

129
Q

On gross, affected organs is somewhat firm, appearing like boiled material

A

Coagulative

130
Q

Microscopically, the affected blood vessels appears thickened

A

Fibrinoid

131
Q

On gross, affected organ appears liquefied, creamy yellow because of pus

A

Liquefactive

132
Q

Microscopically it appears as amorphous granular debri surrounded by granulomatous inflammation

A

Caseous

133
Q

On microscopy, infiltrates of foamy macrophage adjacent to adipose tissues

A

Fat Necrosis

134
Q

Affects single cells

A

Apoptosis

135
Q

Lysed cells ingested by macrophages

A

Necrosis

136
Q

Increased mitochondria membrane permeability, release of proapoptotic proteins and formation of apoptotic bodies

A

Apoptosis

137
Q

Consist of vascular responses, migration and activation of leukocytes and systemic reactions

A

Inflammation

138
Q

Due to the increase dilatation of blood vessels = ↑ rate of the blood flow on the site of injury

A

Rubor

139
Q

What delays stiffness in Rigor Mortis?

A

Cold Temperature and Obese Individuals

140
Q

Is autopsy a mandatory procedure? True or False

A

False. Autopsy is not a mandatory procedure; may or may not carried out

141
Q

Characterized by “In Situ dissection”

A

Technique by Karl Rokitansky

142
Q

“en-bloc” removal of organs

A

Anton Ghon’s Technique

143
Q

This method is widely used and usually with some modifications

A

Technique by Rudolph Virchow

144
Q

“en-masses/en-lettule” removal of organs

A

Technique by M. Letulle (Lettule)

145
Q

Dissection is done inside the body

A

Technique by Karl Rokitansky

146
Q

Best for routine inspection and preservation of connections between organs and organ system

A

Technique by M. Letulle (Lettule)

147
Q

Tissue/cells are collected using needle and syringe

A

Needle Biopsy (FNAB - Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy)

148
Q

What is the percentage of undifferentiated cells in Grade IV?

A

75% - 100%

149
Q

Procedure is simple, inexpensive, least invasive. Hospitalization is prevented. Less complications

A

Needle Biopsy (FNAB - Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy)

150
Q

What are the 2 Value of Grading?

A
  1. Guide for Treatment
  2. Prognostic Guide
151
Q

Based on the size of primary lesion, extent of spread to regional lymph nodes, presence or absence of metastases

A

Staging of Tumors

152
Q

In the TNM Classification what does the T signifies?

A

Size of Tumor

153
Q

In the TNM Classification what does the M signifies?

A

Presence or absence of metastasis

154
Q

In the TNM Classification what does the N signifies?

A

Number of lymph nodes involved

155
Q

What are the 2 parts of Tumor?

A
  1. Parenchyma
  2. Stroma
156
Q

What is the part of tumor wherein it is the neoplastic cells?

A

Parenchyma

157
Q

What is the part of tumor wherein it is the connective tissue framework?

A

Stroma

158
Q

What temperature does Algor Mortis progresses?

A

Happen at rate of 7˚F (‘yung temp. ng body, bumababa every hour)

159
Q

This is important in establishing time of death?

A

Algor Mortis

160
Q

Occurs 6-12 hours after death

A

Rigor Mortis

161
Q

Algor Mortis is faster in?

A
  1. Cold weather
  2. Malnourished individuals
162
Q

It’s purpose is to determine extent of injury leading to the death of a person

A

Autopsy

163
Q

Apoptotic bodies ingested by neighboring cells

A

Apoptosis

164
Q

Random degradation of DNA

A

Necrosis

165
Q

Microscopically cell outlines are preserved

A

Coagulative

166
Q

Characterized by softening of necrotic material due to the action of enzymes

A

Liquefactive

167
Q

In Fat Necrosis the usually affected organ is?

A

With increased amount of fat
Ex. Breast

168
Q

Usually applied to a limb, generally the lower leg that has lost its blood supply

A

Gangrenous

169
Q

Due to sudden cut-off of blood supply; usually happens in solid organs (heart, kidneys,
adrenal glands, liver)

A

Coagulative

170
Q

Usually seen in tuberculosis (TB)

A

Caseous

171
Q

What are the cytoplasmic changes of Irreversible Injury?

A
  1. Larger cells “cloudy swelling”
  2. Increased eosinophilia
172
Q

Dissolution of nucleus (destruction)

A

Karyolysis

173
Q

What are the nuclear changes in Irreversible Injury?

A
  1. Pyknosis
  2. Karyolysis
  3. Karyorrhexis
174
Q

What are the microscopic changes in Reversible Injury?

A
  1. Cellular swelling
  2. Fatty degeneration/change
175
Q

It is considered as point of no return

A

Irreversible Injury

176
Q

How many minutes can a hypoxic injury be irreversible for myocardial cells & hepatocytes?

A

1 - 2 hours

177
Q

How many minutes can a hypoxic injury be irreversible for skeletal muscles?

A

Many hours

178
Q

Happens when cells of DNA and proteins are damaged beyond repair —> cells kill itself by ___ = the affected cell becomes smaller; reduction of cell size

A

Apoptosis

179
Q

The plasma membrane is disrupted/ damaged —> cellular contents leaked out = inflammation

A

Necrosis

180
Q

Occurs if blood supply to an organ becomes reduced or below critical level; sudden cut-off of blood supply

A

Vascular Atrophy

181
Q

Due to lack of nutritional supply to supply normal growth

A

Starvation or Hunger Atrophy

182
Q

Occurs as consequence of maturation; normal

A

Physiologic Atrophy

183
Q

Irreversible process; transformation of adult cell to primitive or embryonic cell type (adult —> primitive)

A

Anaplasia

184
Q

Reversible process; no cell transformation

A

Dysplasia

185
Q

Considered as reversible process

A

Metaplasia

186
Q

Area of science focusing on all the changes in cells, tissues, organs

A

Pathology

187
Q

Frequently dividing

A

Labile Cells

188
Q

Replaces injured cells

A

Stable Cells

189
Q

Condition in which an orifice or passage in body either closed or absent

A

Atresia

190
Q

It’s purpose is to preserve tissues of the dead person for further examination and for further research

A

Autopsy

191
Q

It is characterized by abnormal proliferation of cells

A

Neoplasia

192
Q

Bleeding from cut surfaces is common

A

Malignant Tumor

193
Q

No recurrence after surgery

A

Benign Tumors

194
Q

Does not lead to death

A

Benign Tumors

195
Q

In Rigor Mortis it starts at _____ hours following death; completes at ______ hours and stiffness remains for _______ hours, persist for ______days

A

2 - 3 hours; 6 - 8 hours; 12 - 36 hours; 3 - 4 days

196
Q

What hasten stiffness in Rigor Mortis?

A

Warm environment and in infants

197
Q

Invasive to other organs

A

Malignant Tumor

198
Q

No inflammatory response

A

Apoptosis

199
Q

After irreversible injury

A

Cell Death

200
Q

Pathologic cell death

A

Necrosis

201
Q

Father of Cytopathology

A

George Papanicolaou

202
Q

PAPANICOLAOU SMEAR and STAIN is a screening test for?

A

Cervical Cancer

203
Q

Used in Papanicolaou stain in order to stain
the NUCLEUS

A

Harris Hematoxylin

204
Q

Considered as the LARGEST and MOST MATURE
but with VERY SMALL nuclei

A

Superficial Cells

205
Q

What is the routine tissue adhesive?

A

Mayer’s egg albumin

206
Q

2 categories of specimen in Cytology

A
  1. Gynecological
  2. Non-gynecological
207
Q

Impression smear or Touch smear is also called?

A

Abraded Cytology

208
Q

What are the four ways to prepare a smear?

A
  1. Streaking
  2. Spreading
  3. Pull-apart
  4. Touch or Impression smear
209
Q

In cytology, we NEVER used Mayer’s egg albumin. True or False?

A

True. Because this is INTENSELY STAINED by the COUNTER STAIN used in PAPs and IF this is used, it will take up the color / dye

210
Q

Stain the CYTOPLASM of MATURE superficial cells

A

OG 6

211
Q

Stain the CYTOPLASM of IMMATURE cells

A

EA 50

212
Q

What is the second counter stain?

A

EA 50

213
Q

What is the first counter stain?

A

OG 6

214
Q

It is called Pap Smear because it uses what stain?

A

Papanicolaou Stain

215
Q

These are boat shaped cells with a tendency to fold or curl on edges

A

Navicular Cells

216
Q

What are the 2 Manner of Reporting Pap’s Smear

A
  1. Class System
  2. Bethesda System
217
Q

Developed at national Cancer Institute in December 1988

A

Bethesda System

218
Q

SMALLER than intermediate cells

A

Parabasal cells

219
Q

No longer used, last used December 1988); obsolete

A

Class System

220
Q

Currently used/adopted to report the result of PAP smear

A

Bethesda System

221
Q

Conclusive for malignant cells

A

Class V

222
Q

What fixative for cytologic smear is considered as the BEST but NOT COMMONLY used?

A

Equal parts of 95% ethyl alcohol & ether

223
Q

MOST COMMONLY USED FIXATIVE for cytology?

A

95% ethyl alcohol

224
Q

Involves examination of cells, specifically cells desquamated or the cells shed from epithelial surfaces

A

Exfoliative Cytology

225
Q

Involves microscopic examination of cells taken from different body sites for diagnostic purposes

A

Diagnostic Cytology

226
Q

Extra sediments are used for?

A

Cell Block Technique

227
Q

SHED TRAUMATICALLY

A

Basal Cells

228
Q

FRIED EGG APPEARANCE

A

Parabasal Cells

229
Q

Round to oval shaped cells with translucent basophilic cytoplasm due to glycogen accumulation

A

Pregnancy cells

230
Q

Parabasal cells are normally found from and increased number in?

A

Child birth
Abortion
Menopause
Two weeks of age to puberty

231
Q

Negative for malignant cells

A

Class I

232
Q

POLYHEDRAL CELLS with BASOPHILIC and VACULATED cytoplasm

A

Intermediate Cells

233
Q

Polyhedral flat cells with small dark pyknotic nuclei (less than 6u)

A

Superficial Cells

234
Q

Medium sized cells

A

Intermediate Cells

235
Q

Small (13-20u) round, slightly oval cells, with relatively large nucleus occupying half or more of
the cell volume

A

Basal Cells

236
Q

Suspicious for malignant cells

A

Class III

237
Q

Results in PALE GREENISH BLUE

A

T. Vaginalis

238
Q

Results in BLUE

A

Vesicular nucleus

239
Q

Results in VIOLET

A

Mycelia

240
Q

Atypical cells present, but negative for malignant cells

A

Class II

241
Q

Results in DARK BLUE

A

Bacteria

242
Q

ROUTINE cytologic fixative

A

95% ethyl alcohol

243
Q

Results in OLIVE GREEN with a hint of BROWN and RED

A

Cytoplasm in EA 36 to 50

244
Q

Strongly suggestive of malignant cells

A

Class IV

245
Q

Cells that shows TRUE ACIDOPHILIA, cytoplasm may be acidophilic or basophilic

A

Superficial Cells

246
Q

Results in DARK BLUE to black

A

Pyknotic nucleus

247
Q

Results in ORANGE with a hint of GREEN

A

Cytoplasm in OG 6

248
Q

A bluing agent

A

Ammonia water then wash

249
Q

Using loop needle or applicator stick, spread the specimen in a ZIGZAG manner

A

Streaking

250
Q

Spread the specimen by using another or 2 SLIDES, NOT by using loop, applicator stick, or needle

A

Pull-apart

251
Q

Preserves intercellular relationship

A

Spreading

252
Q

Allow the slide to come in contact with cut surface of tissue

A

Touch preparation or impression smear

253
Q

Size and Depth of Tissue Cassette

A

Size: 2.5 x 4 cm
Depth: 5 mm

254
Q

Ideal size and thickness of specimen?

A

Size: 3 x 2 cm
Thickness: 3 - 5 mm

255
Q

Ideal size of the lung specimen?

A

1 - 2 cm

256
Q

What is the purpose of formalin?

A

PRESERVE and HARDEN

257
Q

Place the specimen on the slide, and using a loop/applicator or needle, spread the specimen to form OVAL or CIRCULAR smear

A

Spreading

HISTOPATH LEC (4 decks)

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