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MCB > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

small organisms that usually require a
microscope to be seen

A

Microbes / Microorganisms

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2
Q

Germ actually comes from the Latin word ________

A

germen (to sprout; to germinate)

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3
Q

form the basis of the food chain in oceans, lakes, and
rivers

A

Marine and freshwater microbes

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4
Q

break down wastes and incorporate nitrogen gas from the air into organic compounds, thereby recycling
chemical elements among soil, water, living organisms, and air.

A

Soil microbes

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5
Q

enzymes from microbes can be manipulated to cause the microbes to produce substances they normally don’t synthesize, including:

A

-cellulose
-human insulin
-proteins for vaccines

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6
Q

-microbes that live stably in and on the human body
-humans and many other animals depend on these microbes to maintain good health.

A

Human microbiome / Microbiota

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7
Q

the population of microorganisms that inhabit the skin and mucous membranes of healthy normal persons

A

Normal Microbiota

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8
Q

microorganisms that are only temporarily found in the human body, and may include pathogenic microorganisms

A

Transient Microbiota

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9
Q

the movement of genetic information across normal mating barriers, between more or less distantly related organisms; process where microbes can swap genes with each other

A

horizontal gene transfer

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10
Q

Types of microorganisms

A

-bacteria
-virus
-archaea
-fungi
-protozoa

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11
Q

Why are bacteria called prokaryotes?

A

their genetic material is not enclosed in a special nuclear membrane

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12
Q

difference of cell wall between archaea and bacteria

A

archaea- no peptidoglycan
bacteria - has peptidoglycan

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13
Q

three main groups of archaea

A
  • thermophiles
  • halophiles
  • methanogens
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14
Q

live in extremely salty environments such as the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea

A

halophiles

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15
Q

produce methane as
a waste product from respiration

A

methanogens

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16
Q

live in hot sulfurous water, such as hot springs at Yellowstone National Park

A

thermophiles

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17
Q

True or False

Archaea are known to cause disease to humans

A

False

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18
Q

True or False

Fungi cannot carry out
photosynthesis

A

True

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19
Q

True fungi have cell walls composed primarily of a substance called ______

A

chitin

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20
Q

unicellular forms of fungi that oval microorganisms that are larger than bacteria

A

yeasts

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21
Q

most typical fungi

A

Molds

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22
Q

Molds can form visible masses of ____ that are cottony growths sometimes found on bread and fruit

A

mycelia

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23
Q

the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus

A

hyphae

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24
Q

How do fungi obtain nourishment?

A

by absorbing organic material from their environment

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25
Q

Protozoa move by:

A

-pseudopods
-flagella
-cilia

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26
Q

Amebae move by using extensions of their cytoplasm called

Amebae is plural form of amoeba

A

pseudopods

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27
Q

microscopic hair-like structures involved in the locomotion of a cell

A

flagella

sing. flagellum

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28
Q

numerous shorter appendages for locomotion

A

cilia

singular. cillium

29
Q

organisms that derive nutrients from living hosts

A

parasites

30
Q

The cell walls of many algae are composed of a carbohydrate called ____

A

cellulose

31
Q

most viruses can only be seen with this tool

A

electron microscope

32
Q

a virus particle contains a core made of only one type of nucleic acid, either:

A
  • DNA
  • RNA
33
Q

carbohydrate slimes exuded by bacteria; highly
amorphous

A

capsules

34
Q

what happens if capsules reduce growth?

A

protect against predators, but makes it more difficult to obtain nutrients

35
Q

2 types of bacteria

A
  • Gram negative (G-)
  • Gram positive (G+)
36
Q
A
37
Q

makes bacteria capable of withstanding huge
internal pressures

A

murein in cell wall

38
Q

The space where the murein layer sits between the cytoplasmic inner & outer membranes

A

periplasm

39
Q

these side chains are recognized by our immune system & are attached to a
“core”

A

O-specific side chains of Lipopoly Saccharides

40
Q

membrane tunnels in bacteria which allow small molecules (600-700
Da) through.

A

porins

41
Q

Periplasmic space

A

provides “additional reaction volume” for cell; often contains enzymes & binding proteins

42
Q

proteinaceous filaments that help mediate attachment to surfaces & allow for the exchange of genetic material

A

fimbriae & pili

43
Q

crystalline protein layers on cell surfaces, act as filters

A

S-layers

44
Q

Flagellum can turn in both directions:

A

Counter Clockwise Rotation → runs forward →
Clockwise Rotation → tumbles backward

45
Q

turn mRNA into proteins

this process is called translation

A

ribosomes

46
Q

What happens if a cell lacks nutrients?

A

It eats its own ribosomes to survive (shrinks) because ribosomes make up much of all volume.

47
Q

Ribosomal subunits

A
  • Large (50 S): 23 S Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
    3,000 NT long, 5 S
  • Small (30 S): 16 S tRNA ~ 1,500 NT

NT = nanotesla

48
Q

allows bacteria to last for tens of thousands of years

A

Endospores

49
Q

rRNA gene copy number in genomes

gene copy numbers are aka operons

A

1-15 copies/genome

50
Q

prokaryotes or eukaryotes present?

Plasmids

A

prokaryotes: +
eukaryotes: (rare)

51
Q

prokaryotes or eukaryotes present?

Chromosome

A

prokaryotes: +
eukaryotes: +

52
Q

prokaryotes or eukaryotes present?

Mitochondria, Chloroplast

A

prokaryotes: -
eukaryotes: +

53
Q

prokaryotes or eukaryotes present?

Viruses (infect)

A

prokaryotes: +
eukaryotes: +

54
Q

prokaryotes or eukaryotes present?

Transposable elements

A

prokaryotes: +
eukaryotes: +

55
Q

CFU

A

Colony Forming Units

56
Q

Prokaryote chromosomes

A

-Single (up to 3)
− haploid (1 copy)
− circular (some linear)
− supercoiled
− small & efficiently organized
~ 4.7 Mb ~ 3,000 genes

57
Q

Eukaryote chromosomes

A

Multiple
− di → polyploid
− linear
− coiled around histones
− large & redundant
~ 40,000 genes

58
Q

encodes several proteins and is characteristic of many bacterial and chloroplast mRNAs

A

Polycystronic mRNA

59
Q

have adapted so well to high salt concentrations that they actually require
them for growth

A

obligate halophiles

60
Q

do not require high salt concentrations but are able to grow at salt concentrations up to 2%

at 2% concentration the growth of many other organisms are inhibited

A

facultative halophiles

61
Q

2 major groups of parasitic worms

A

-roundworms
-flatworms

62
Q

parasitic worms are collectively known as ______

A

helminths

63
Q

This scientist devised a system of classification based on the cellular structue of the organism

A

Carl Woese

64
Q

3 domains of organisms based on cellular structure

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Eukarya
65
Q

Types of Eukarya

A

● Protists (slime molds, protozoa, and algae)
● Fungi (unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds, and
mushrooms)
● Plants (mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants)
● Animals (sponges, worms, insects, and vertebrates)

66
Q

were the first living cells to appear on Earth

A

Bacterial ancestors

67
Q

the first to observe live microorganisms through the magnifying lenses of the more than 400 microscopes he constructed

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

68
Q

archaic term referring to microorganisms

This word was invented by Leeuwenhoek

A

animalcules

69
Q
A

MCB (6 decks)

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