History Flashcards
This theory states that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter
spontaneous generation
Attempted to disprove spontaneous generation through his meat experiment
Francesco Redi
strengthened the spontaneous generation theory in 1745 with his broth experiment
John Needham
Re-attempted Needham’s broth experiment and countered his findings
Lazzaro Spallanzani
The broth flask as opposed to Needham’s where he only put them in covered flasks after he heated them. Spallanzani’s flask did not have any microbes after cooling
challenged the case for spontaneous
generation with the concept of biogenesis
Rudolf Virchow
Resolved the spontaneous generation vs biogenesis conflict in 1861
Louis Pasteur
How was Pasteur’s experiment conducted?
- Pasteur first poured beef
broth into a long-necked flask. (Microbes were present in the broth) - Next he heated the neck of the flask
and bent it into an S-shape; then he
boiled the broth for several minutes.
(Microbes were not present in the broth after boiling) - Microorganisms did not appear in the
cooled solution, even after long periods. (The bend of the flask prevented microbes from entering it.)
refers to procedures that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms
aseptic techniques
This period has been appropriately named “First Golden Age of Microbiology”
1857 to 1914
Demonstrated that life did not arise spontaneously from nonliving matter.
Louis Pasteur
- Performed surgery under aseptic conditions using phenol.
- Proved that microbes caused
surgical wound infections.
Joseph Lister
The product Listerine is named after him.
Established experimental steps for
directly linking a specific microbe to
a specific disease.
Robert Kochh
first to suggest the use of agar as a suitable growth medium
Fanny Hesse
She suggested to her husband, Walther Hesse, who was a microbiologist, to use agar instead of gelatin in petri dish.
credited with the invention of petri dish
Julius Petri
it is the process of heating food at high temperature for a specific set of time as purpose to kill and eliminate harmful organisms
Pasteurization
The difference between pasteurization and sterilization is that sterilization completely eliminates all microbes and spores present.
the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms
Germ Theory of Disease
a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease
Koch’s Postulates
The protection from disease provided by vaccination (or by recovery from the disease itself)
Immunity
discovered vaccine for smallpox, the first known successful vaccine
Edward Jenner
He inoculated cowpox into a young boy, who became sick with cowpox days later but eventually recovered and did not become affected with smallpox
Treatment of disease by using chemical substances
Chemotherapy
Chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi that act against other microorganism
antibiotics
Chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory
synthetic drugs
The success of chemotherapy is based on the fact that ____
some chemicals are more poisonous to microorganisms than to the hosts infected by the microbes
a method to target specific disease-causing agents without harming the patient
magic bullet
called “Zauberkugel” in German
Who speculated about the Magic Bullet?
Paul Ehrlich
an antibiotic drug that was introduced at the beginning of the 1910s as the first effective treatment for syphilis
Salvarsan
first discovered antibiotics
Alexander Fleming
He almost discarded some culture plate when he noticed the curious pattern of growth on the
plates—a clear area where bacterial growth had been inhibited encircled the mold
The mold and inhibitor in Fleming’s culture
mold: Penicilium chrysogenum
inhibitoor: Penicillin
Penicillin
Drug resistance results from?
genetic changes in microbes
that enable them to tolerate a certain amount of an antibiotic that would normally inhibit them
