History

Question 1

This theory states that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter

Answer 1

spontaneous generation

Question 2

Attempted to disprove spontaneous generation through his meat experiment

Answer 2

Francesco Redi

Question 3

strengthened the spontaneous generation theory in 1745 with his broth experiment

Answer 3

John Needham

Question 4

Re-attempted Needham’s broth experiment and countered his findings

Answer 4

Lazzaro Spallanzani

The broth flask as opposed to Needham’s where he only put them in covered flasks after he heated them. Spallanzani’s flask did not have any microbes after cooling

Question 5

challenged the case for spontaneous
generation with the concept of biogenesis

Answer 5

Rudolf Virchow

Question 6

Resolved the spontaneous generation vs biogenesis conflict in 1861

Answer 6

Louis Pasteur

Question 7

How was Pasteur’s experiment conducted?

Answer 7

1. Pasteur first poured beef
   broth into a long-necked flask. (Microbes were present in the broth)
2. Next he heated the neck of the flask
   and bent it into an S-shape; then he
   boiled the broth for several minutes.
   (Microbes were not present in the broth after boiling)
3. Microorganisms did not appear in the
   cooled solution, even after long periods. (The bend of the flask prevented microbes from entering it.)

Question 8

refers to procedures that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms

Answer 8

aseptic techniques

Question 9

This period has been appropriately named “First Golden Age of Microbiology”

Answer 9

1857 to 1914

Question 10

Demonstrated that life did not arise spontaneously from nonliving matter.

Answer 10

Louis Pasteur

Question 11

• Performed surgery under aseptic conditions using phenol.
• Proved that microbes caused
  surgical wound infections.

Answer 11

Joseph Lister

The product Listerine is named after him.

Question 12

Established experimental steps for
directly linking a specific microbe to
a specific disease.

Answer 12

Robert Kochh

Question 13

first to suggest the use of agar as a suitable growth medium

Answer 13

Fanny Hesse

She suggested to her husband, Walther Hesse, who was a microbiologist, to use agar instead of gelatin in petri dish.

Question 14

credited with the invention of petri dish

Answer 14

Julius Petri

Question 15

it is the process of heating food at high temperature for a specific set of time as purpose to kill and eliminate harmful organisms

Answer 15

Pasteurization

The difference between pasteurization and sterilization is that sterilization completely eliminates all microbes and spores present.

Question 16

the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms

Answer 16

Germ Theory of Disease

Question 17

a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease

Answer 17

Koch’s Postulates

Question 18

The protection from disease provided by vaccination (or by recovery from the disease itself)

Answer 18

Immunity

Question 19

discovered vaccine for smallpox, the first known successful vaccine

Answer 19

Edward Jenner

He inoculated cowpox into a young boy, who became sick with cowpox days later but eventually recovered and did not become affected with smallpox

Question 20

Treatment of disease by using chemical substances

Answer 20

Chemotherapy

Question 21

Chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi that act against other microorganism

Answer 21

antibiotics

Question 22

Chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory

Answer 22

synthetic drugs

Question 23

The success of chemotherapy is based on the fact that ____

Answer 23

some chemicals are more poisonous to microorganisms than to the hosts infected by the microbes

Question 24

a method to target specific disease-causing agents without harming the patient

Answer 24

magic bullet

called “Zauberkugel” in German

Question 25

Who speculated about the Magic Bullet?

Answer 25

Paul Ehrlich

Question 26

an antibiotic drug that was introduced at the beginning of the 1910s as the first effective treatment for syphilis

Answer 26

Salvarsan

Question 27

first discovered antibiotics

Answer 27

Alexander Fleming

He almost discarded some culture plate when he noticed the curious pattern of growth on the
plates—a clear area where bacterial growth had been inhibited encircled the mold

Question 28

The mold and inhibitor in Fleming’s culture

Answer 28

mold: Penicilium chrysogenum
inhibitoor: Penicillin

Answer 29

Penicillin

Question 30

Drug resistance results from?

Answer 30

genetic changes in microbes
that enable them to tolerate a certain amount of an antibiotic that would normally inhibit them