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605 Epidemiology > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

epidemiology

A

the study of disease dynamics in populations

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2
Q

Disease is a (random/not random) event?

A

Disease is NOT a random event!

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3
Q

3 Components of One Health

A
  1. Human
  2. Animal
  3. Environment
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4
Q

3 Categories of the SIR Infection Model

A
  1. Susceptible
  2. Infectious
  3. Removed (recovered or dead)
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5
Q

Host-Agent-Environment Triad

A

interaction of all three determines whether or not disease is going to occur

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6
Q

Characteristics of the Host

A

age, prior exposure, susceptibility, co-infection, immune status

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7
Q

Characteristics of the Agent

A

toxicity, virulence, infectivity, antibiotic susceptibility, ability to survive outside the body

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8
Q

Characteristics of the Environment

A

climate, physical structures, population density, societal structure

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9
Q

YOPIC

A

Young, Old, Pregnant, ImmunoCompromised

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10
Q

Host Interventions

A

immunize, treat, isolate, better nutrition

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11
Q

Agent Interventions

A

eradicate or genetically modify

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12
Q

Environment Interventions

A

improve housing quality/ventilation, water, sanitation

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13
Q

4 Primary Tools for Infectious Disease Control

A
  1. Identification of Cases
  2. Isolation of Cases
  3. Quarantine of the Exposed
  4. Vaccination of the Susceptible
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14
Q

isolation

A

occurs when you are already clinically infected

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15
Q

quarantine

A

done when you are exposed but not yet a case

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16
Q

Are isolation and quarantine interchangeable?

A

no

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17
Q

Which poses the greatest risk: pre-clinical, sub-clinical, or clinically evident disease?

A

Both pre- and sub-clinical

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18
Q

Three Reasons Why Pre and Sub Clinical Cases Pose Greatest Risk

A
  1. Infected and shedding
  2. Difficult to detect
  3. Still active in the herd/community
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19
Q

5 Ways Epidemiology Research works with Infectious Disease Control

A
  1. Drugs for disease prevention
  2. Education/Sanitation and Hygiene
  3. Vaccines to prevent transmission
  4. Vaccines to prevent infection
  5. Vector Control
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20
Q

What three things do you need to know for development of an effective disease control program?

A
  1. Causes of the Disease
  2. Impact of the Disease
  3. Natural Course of the Disease
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21
Q

Causes of Disease

A

includes etiology, pathophysiology, and risk factors

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22
Q

2 Categories of Models of Disease Causation

A
  1. Deterministic
  2. Multi-factorial
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23
Q

Koch-Henle Postulates (4)

A

deterministic model

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24
Q

[Rothman’s] Casual Pies

A

multifactorial; not just simply the presence of an agent causes disease, there must also be other factors to create disease

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25
Q

Web of Causation

A

entangled spider web as all causative factors are interconnected and there rarely is one causative factor to any disease or illness

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26
Q

Intrinsic Host Factors

A

genetic predisposition, epigenetics, physiological state, immune status (exposed vs naive), co-morbidities

27
Q

Extrinsic Host Factors

A

socio-economic/husbandry factors

28
Q

Environmental Factors

A

air quality, ventilation, sanitation

29
Q

4 Ways We Measure the Impact of a Disease

A
  1. Number of cases
  2. Ease of transmission
  3. Economic impact
  4. Social impact
30
Q

prevalence

A

all of the existing cases at a point in time; how big is the problem?

31
Q

incidence

A

number of new cases that occur over a period of time; how likely is someone going to develop the disease?

32
Q

morbidity

A

sick

33
Q

mortality

A

death

34
Q

sequelae

A

essentially consequences/what happens next

35
Q

Factors in the Natural Course of the Disease

A

reservoirs, how is the agent introduced into the population, period of infectivity, severity of disability, length of immunity, potential for long-term consequences

36
Q

Reasons we should know how to critique biomedical literature?

A

clients ask us questions, they find stupid stuff on the internet, product reps try to sell us things, etc

37
Q

Hierarchy of Evidence (8)

A
38
Q

4 Basic Study Designs

A
  1. Cross Sectional
  2. Case Control
  3. Cohort
  4. Clinical Trial
39
Q

Which basic study designs are prospective, meaning they look forward in time?

A

cohort, clinical trials

40
Q

Which basic study designs are retrospective, meaning they look backward in time?

A

cross-sectional, case-control

41
Q

Relative Risk

A

measure of association in prospective studies

42
Q

Odds Ratio

A

measure of association in retrospective studies

43
Q

cross-sectional study

A

survey a defined population at a single point in time; aka prevalence survey

44
Q

Benefits of Cross-Sectional Studies

A

inexpensive, quick, useful for common diseases

45
Q

Case Control Study

A

compare exposures in cases and controls to and determine the relationship with disease

46
Q

Limiting Factor in Cross Sectional Studies?

A

you can only determine association, not cause

47
Q

Cohort Study

A

population free of disease to begin with is unexposed/exposed to in order to estimate the incidence of the disease

48
Q

Can retrospective cohort studies exist?

A

No, this is tricky so pray she doesn’t ask about it because it doesn’t make sense to me (retrospective cohorts are still prospective studies)

49
Q

clinical trial

A

allocate groups to control and one or more health-related interventions to evaluate the effects on outcome after exposure

50
Q

Critique Questions for Epidemiology Studies

A

-Reliability of Diagnostic Test?
-Study design?
-What population? Was it representative?
-What determined exposure?
-Case definition? Subjective, objective?
-Association vs. Cause and Effect?
-Internal and External Validity
-Statistical analysis?

51
Q

Internal validity

A

Are conclusions consistent with results?

52
Q

External Validity

A

Do the findings apply to the reference population?

53
Q

selection bias

A

a kind of error that occurs when the researcher decides who is going to be studied

54
Q

information bias

A

distortion in the measure of association caused by a lack of accurate measurements of key study variables (or maybe even too many but irrelevant)

55
Q

Confounding Factors

A

variables which interfere with the comparison we are attempting to make

56
Q

p-value

A

the probability that a result was due to chance

57
Q

Is rabies a disease that can be explained with a deterministic model?

A

yes

58
Q

What kind of disease are best explained with multifactorial models?

A

complex (ex: osteoarthritis)

59
Q

What infectious disease stage poses greatest risk to susceptible members of a population?

A

pre/sub clinical

60
Q

Which of the following is correct?

A

C) Cohort studies are more powerful than cross-sectional studies

61
Q

Are we worried about recall bias in prospective or retrospective studies?

A

retrospective

62
Q

Does loss to follow-up occur with prospective or retrospective studies?

A

prospective

63
Q

In which studies can we make a temporal association between exposure and outcome - prospective or retrospective?

A

prospective

605 Epidemiology (11 decks)

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