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605 Epidemiology > Disease Transmission > Flashcards

Disease Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

Factors in Disease Dynamics

A

changing hosts, pathogens, vectors, environments; plus new emerging diseases

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2
Q

How has disease changed in the US since the 1900s?

A

we have moved from more infectious causes of death (flu, pneumonia, TB) to more chronic disease (heart disease, cancer)

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3
Q

5 Drivers of Infectious Disease Emergence

A
  1. Climate Change
  2. Global trade and travel
  3. Migration, social unrest
  4. Human Population Growth
  5. Urbanization
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4
Q

3 Types of Prevention

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
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5
Q

Primary Prevention

A

protect the uninfected to prevent development of disease (ex: vaccination, biosecurity measures, closed herds)

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6
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

detect the preclinical cases to reduce severity/complications

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7
Q

Tertiary Prevention

A

reduce the impact of clinical disease with treatments, therapies, and rehab

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8
Q

John Snow and Cholera in London

A

in 1855+, was able to determine an unknown organism was transmitting through the water supply via an unknown mechanism by mapping out neighborhood pumps and deaths

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9
Q

When did germ theory come about?

A

1890s

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10
Q

DO you have to know the causative agent to do anything about disease spread?

A

No - outbreak can be stopped by understanding disease patterns without the knowledge of the causative agent

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11
Q

Smith, Kilbourne, and Curtis

A

determined that cattle dying from Texas fever and the natural range of cattle ticks overlapped geographically, so hypothesized ticks caused disease - this was the first determination of an infectious arthropod vector; also established life cycle of the tick

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12
Q

Babesia bigemina

A

agent transmitted by ticks that causes Texas Fever

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13
Q

endemic

A

usual (habitual) occurrence of a disease within a given area (what are normal levels?)

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14
Q

sporadic

A

separate/scatted disease incidents occurring at a low frequency

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15
Q

epidemic/outbreak

A

more disease than expected for a given time and place

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16
Q

pandemic

A

epidemic affecting several continents

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17
Q

reservoir

A

any animal/arthropod/plant/soil/inanimate matter in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies

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18
Q

nidus

A

localized reservoir that persists over a long time period

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19
Q

vehicle

A

object/substance/non-receptive living being that serves as an intermediate in transmitting pathogen from host to host

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20
Q

vector

A

a LIVING creature which acquires a pathogen from one living host and transmits it to another

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21
Q

fomite

A

object/substance that by itself is not harmful but on which pathogens may be conveyed (a type of vehicle, technically)

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22
Q

carrier

A

individual which harbors the organism and can infect others, but is not clinically ill

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23
Q

incubationary carrier

A

preclinical, many organisms shed

24
Q

convalescent carrier

A

harbors and sheds organisms for a period of time following recovery

25
Q

transient carrier

A

subclinical but organisms are shed for variable periods of time

26
Q

chronic carrier

A

postrecovery animals who shed organism for a long period of time

27
Q

incubation period

A

time between exposure to pathogen and the onset of clinical signs

28
Q

latent infection

A

inapparent infection that has potential to develop signs of disease

29
Q

source of infection

A

animal/person/object from which an infectious agent passes immediately to the host

30
Q

Use

A

extrinsic host factor for animals synonymous with occupation in humans

31
Q

Husbandry

A

extrinsic host factor for animals synonymous with socio-economic status in humans (ex: nutrition, crowding, open or closed herds, ventilation, vax status, handling, etc)

32
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability to produce disease

33
Q

virulence

A

degree of pathogenicity, or the severity of a disease

34
Q

Case-Fatality Rate (CFR)

A

number of deaths among cases; way to evaluate agent virulence

35
Q

host range

A

range of hosts in which an agent can survive

36
Q

viability

A

ability of an infectious agent to survive in the “free” state, aka environment

37
Q

infectivity

A

ability of agent to lodge and multiply within the host; minimum number of infectious particles required to establish an infection

38
Q

infectiousness

A

ease with which the agent is transmitted from one host to another

39
Q

2 Ways to Measure Infectiousness

A
  1. Secondary Attack Rate
  2. Basic Reproduction Number (Ro)
40
Q

The Basic/Effective Reproduction Number (Ro)

A

measure of infectiousness of an agent in a totally susceptible population; the number of new cases a single case will generate during its infectious period

41
Q

What must the Ro be for a disease to die out/be removed from a population?

A

Ro less than 1

42
Q

Ro of Foot and Mouth Disease?

A

infinity (one of the most infectious animal diseases)

43
Q

Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPI)

A

think COVID, when they made everyone stay home, no events, schools were closed, and everything was friggin lame

44
Q

Herd Immunity

A

resistance of an “at risk” population to an attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune

45
Q

Most critical factor in herd immunity?

A

frequency of contact

46
Q

Can herd immunity still be achieved if new susceptible animals occurs?

A

no

47
Q

Horizontal Transmission

A

among “peers”

48
Q

Vertical Transmission

A

through generations

49
Q

Examples of Indirect Modes of Transmission (2)

A

common vehicle, vector

50
Q

Fragile infectious agents are best/only transmitted via what mode?

A

direct transmission

51
Q

Expiratory Droplets

A

produced by cough/sneeze, short airborne life, evaporate before hitting the ground; needs direct transmission

52
Q

Droplet Nuclei

A

evaporated remains of expiratory droplets/other fluids, they are truly airborne, small; via indirect tranmission

53
Q

Which is more infectious - expiratory droplets or droplet nuclei?

A

droplet nuclei (by about ten times)

54
Q

6 Requirements for Disease Spread

A
  1. Causative agent capable of infecting host
  2. Reservoir/source of agent
  3. Mode of escape from reservoir or intermediate source
  4. Mode of transmission to new host
  5. Mode of entry to new host
  6. Susceptible host
55
Q

disease

A

abnormality of structure and/or function that interferes with the well-being of an individual animal

56
Q

preclinical disease

A

not yet clinically apparent but destined to be

57
Q

subclinical disease

A

not clinically apparent and not destined to be

605 Epidemiology (11 decks)

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