Intro

Question 1

physiological

Answer 1

normal

Question 2

pathological

Answer 2

abnormal

Question 3

clinical sign

Answer 3

abnormality of strucutre

Question 4

disease

Answer 4

recognizable abnormal structure with set of clinical signs

Question 5

disease descriptors

Answer 5

1. etiology (the cause)
2. signalment (some populations higher risk)
   - eg. parvo in black+tan breeds, breast cancer in intact older females
3. systems affected
   - local: affecting specific organ/system
   - disseminated: local that has spread
   - systemic: affects many organs or whole body
4. severity
   - asymptomatic (includes genetic carriers)
   - subclinical: not detected on physical exam, but decreased production/abnormal diagnostic results
   - clinical/symptomatic: recognizable signs + symptoms
   - fatal
5. duration
   - peracute: few hours from start to finish (most fatal!)
   - subacute: between per/acute (~ <2 days)
   - acute: days to couple weeks from start -> finish
   - chronic: weeks, months, years (less severe)
   - relapsing-remitting: chronic coming/going (relapse when clinical symptoms present, remission when absent)

Question 6

etiology

Answer 6

1. congenital vs acquired
   - congenital: present from birth (inherited OR non-inherited)
   - teratogen = agent/factor that damages fetus (non-inherited, eg. infection, trauma, heat)
   - acquired: after birth from external factor (NEVER inherited)
2. intrinsic vs extrinsic
   - intrinsic: start within, no outside influence
   eg. inherited, neoplasia, degenerative disease (over time from natural wear/tear)
   - extrinsic: caused by external factors
   eg. infection, toxins, injury
3. primary vs secondary
   - primary: happens first
   - secondary: happens as result of ^ (‘a complication of the primary’)
4. iatrogenic:
   - caused by medical examination/side-effect of treatment
   eg. accidentally puncturing eardrum with Q-tip, aspirin causing bleeding condition
5. idiopathic:
   - unknown origin

Question 7

DAMNIT-V

Answer 7

acronym to remember all possible disease causes

D: degenerative, developmental
A: anomalies, autoimmune, allergy
M: metabolic, mechanical, mental
N: nutritional, neoplastic
I: inflammatory, infectious, inherited, iatrogenic, idiopathic
T: trauma, toxin, teratogen
V: vascular

Question 8

zoonotic diseases

Question 9

reportable diseases

Answer 9

infectious diseases that MUST be reported to government (difficult or no treatment/existing population has no immunity)

1. high mortality or morbidity
2. high risk of transmission
3. economic importance
4. zoonosis
5. disease not currently in Canada
6. emerging (newly evolving) diseases

Question 10

SOAP

Answer 10

subjective info (qualitative)

objective info (quantitative)

~ problem list generated from S+O ~

assessment (aka diagnosis, differential list made in this step)

plan (treatment options)

• SOAP is a ‘problem-oriented approach’ (all problems listed, then ranked by importance to help come up with ‘differential diagnoses’
• whatever is at the top of list of differential diagnoses determines further testing/treatment
• reason for ranking: make sure we are treating root problem, not a symptom!

Question 11

treatment types

Answer 11

1. preventative
2. medical management (drugs, nutrition, therapy…. just no surgery)
3. surgical management
4. empirical (no known diagnoses, best guess. response to treatment clarifies)
5. symptomatic treatment: using medical/surgical treatment for symptoms but NOT cause (eg. giving fluids)
6. palliation: symptomatic but end-of-life associated (helping with quality of life, but not treating cause)
7. euthanasia

Question 12

prognosis

Answer 12

prediction of outcome of disease (chances of returning to prior state of health)
- vet can NEVER guarantee cure

• morbidity: frequency disease occurs in a population (poor health not resulting in death)
• mortality: frequency of death in a population (from a specific disease)