blood loss and clotting

Question 1

reasons for blood loss

Answer 1

trauma
inability to clot (inherited malfunction)
toxisn
cancers damaging vessels
iatrogenic

Question 2

internal blood loss signs

Answer 2

INTERNAL
abdomen swelling
breathing problems

decreased BP

Question 3

external blood loss signs

Answer 3

hematochezia (frank blood in stool)
melena (digested blood)
hematemesis (vomit with blood)
epistaxis (nose bleed)
hemoptysis (coughing blood)
hematuria (blood in pee)
hematoma (bruise)

Question 4

hemorrhages

Answer 4

petechial: small spots in MM -> points to DIC
ecchymosis: larger spots

Question 5

ischemia

Answer 5

lack of flow to tissues -> not getting o to organs
consequence of anemia

Question 6

anemia causes

Answer 6

bone marrow pathology
iron deficiency
blood loss

renal disease
parasites

immune-mediated (neonatal isoerythrolysis from alloantibodies in mom’s colostrum)
oxidative injury (tylenol)

Question 7

consequences of anemia

Answer 7

lack of O to tissues = ‘hypoxia’
build up of CO2 in tissues = acidosis

RBCs carry O + remove CO2

Question 8

anemia signs

Answer 8

• pale MM
• tachycardia (heart compensating for decreased volume)
• tachypneic (RR compensating to bring more O in)
• lethargy, weak

Question 9

anemia vs blood loss

Answer 9

anemia = decreased RBCs
- measured in hematocrit
- measured in PCV (packed cell volume)

blood loss = RBS, WBCs, platelets, and proteins

Question 10

acute vs chronic anemia

Answer 10

chronic = tissues adapt, better prognosis

Question 11

normal PCV

Answer 11

35-50%

Question 12

blood types

Answer 12

from proteins on surface of RBCs = ‘antiGENS’

alloantiBODIES = born with, recognize foreign blood (cats)
- dogs don’t have alloantibodies, need to be exposed first

AB has no antibodies - universal acceptor
O has no antigens - universal donor

Question 13

fading kitten syndrome

Answer 13

almost all cats type A
if dad is B, kitten -> AB
colostrum from their type A mom will destroy their RBCs

Question 14

clotting parts

Answer 14

platelets (first to respond to damaged vessel, aggregate to plug)
clotting factors (produce fibrin via coagulation)
fibrin (mesh around platelets)

vit K (produces clotting facotrs)

Question 15

DIC

Answer 15

disseminated intravascular coagulation
- microclots forming all over the body so clotting factors used up (hypercoagulability)

SECONDARY to other condition
- infections
- heat stroke
- burns
- cancer

treatment:
- blood transfusion
- treating primary condition
- poor prognosis

Question 16

rodenticides

Answer 16

deplete vit K -> deplete clotting factors
up to 2 weeks for clinical signs, waiting for clotting factors to decrease

warfarin: older, better prognosis
2nd gen: longer half-life, worse prognosis

SIGNS:
- hematoma
- bleeding into thoracic/abdominal cavities

TREATMENT:
- induce vomit if less than 2 hours since ingested
- vit K injection, then oral vit K

Question 17

taking blood from animals with clotting disorders

Answer 17

1. to diagnose (PT)
2. to monitor response to therapy (every 24hrs) (PT)
3. after vit K therapy stops (48-72 hrs) to make sure clotting stays normal

NEVER jugular (can’t wrap), not cephalic (save for infusion)
- sapphenous ideal

Question 18

aspirin toxicity

Answer 18

irreversibly binds to enzyme needed for platelets to stick
platelets ruined until replaced (21 days)

Question 19

vessel tone

Answer 19

constriction/dilation

Question 20

normal BP

Answer 20

120/80 (90)

hypertension if systolic 180+
- secondary to:
hyperthyroid, heart failure, kidney failure, adrenal disease
- effects: heart strain, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, ascites, blindness in cats

hypotension if systolic -90
- iatrogenic (general anesthesia), decrease in BP, vasodilation
- effects: decrease flow to kindeys, brain, muscles
- compensation: increased HR, vasoconstriction

Question 21

thrombus

Answer 21

stationary blood clot - from damage to lining of blood vessels

thromboembolus: thrombus that breaks off and lodges in a branch

Question 22

saddle thromus in cats

Answer 22

HCM: thick hearts walls, shrunk chambers/ventricles
- more at risk for clots
- breaking off and lodging in iliac arteries -> hind limb paralysis

Question 23

pheochromocytoma

Answer 23

adrenal gland tumor that can invade caudal vena cava + cause hemorrhage