blood loss and clotting Flashcards
reasons for blood loss
trauma
inability to clot (inherited malfunction)
toxisn
cancers damaging vessels
iatrogenic
internal blood loss signs
INTERNAL
abdomen swelling
breathing problems
decreased BP
external blood loss signs
hematochezia (frank blood in stool)
melena (digested blood)
hematemesis (vomit with blood)
epistaxis (nose bleed)
hemoptysis (coughing blood)
hematuria (blood in pee)
hematoma (bruise)
hemorrhages
petechial: small spots in MM -> points to DIC
ecchymosis: larger spots
ischemia
lack of flow to tissues -> not getting o to organs
consequence of anemia
anemia causes
bone marrow pathology
iron deficiency
blood loss
renal disease
parasites
immune-mediated (neonatal isoerythrolysis from alloantibodies in mom’s colostrum)
oxidative injury (tylenol)
consequences of anemia
lack of O to tissues = ‘hypoxia’
build up of CO2 in tissues = acidosis
RBCs carry O + remove CO2
anemia signs
- pale MM
- tachycardia (heart compensating for decreased volume)
- tachypneic (RR compensating to bring more O in)
- lethargy, weak
anemia vs blood loss
anemia = decreased RBCs
- measured in hematocrit
- measured in PCV (packed cell volume)
blood loss = RBS, WBCs, platelets, and proteins
acute vs chronic anemia
chronic = tissues adapt, better prognosis
normal PCV
35-50%
blood types
from proteins on surface of RBCs = ‘antiGENS’
alloantiBODIES = born with, recognize foreign blood (cats)
- dogs don’t have alloantibodies, need to be exposed first
AB has no antibodies - universal acceptor
O has no antigens - universal donor
fading kitten syndrome
almost all cats type A
if dad is B, kitten -> AB
colostrum from their type A mom will destroy their RBCs
clotting parts
platelets (first to respond to damaged vessel, aggregate to plug)
clotting factors (produce fibrin via coagulation)
fibrin (mesh around platelets)
vit K (produces clotting facotrs)
DIC
disseminated intravascular coagulation
- microclots forming all over the body so clotting factors used up (hypercoagulability)
SECONDARY to other condition
- infections
- heat stroke
- burns
- cancer
treatment:
- blood transfusion
- treating primary condition
- poor prognosis
rodenticides
deplete vit K -> deplete clotting factors
up to 2 weeks for clinical signs, waiting for clotting factors to decrease
warfarin: older, better prognosis
2nd gen: longer half-life, worse prognosis
SIGNS:
- hematoma
- bleeding into thoracic/abdominal cavities
TREATMENT:
- induce vomit if less than 2 hours since ingested
- vit K injection, then oral vit K
taking blood from animals with clotting disorders
- to diagnose (PT)
- to monitor response to therapy (every 24hrs) (PT)
- after vit K therapy stops (48-72 hrs) to make sure clotting stays normal
NEVER jugular (can’t wrap), not cephalic (save for infusion)
- sapphenous ideal
aspirin toxicity
irreversibly binds to enzyme needed for platelets to stick
platelets ruined until replaced (21 days)
vessel tone
constriction/dilation
normal BP
120/80 (90)
hypertension if systolic 180+
- secondary to:
hyperthyroid, heart failure, kidney failure, adrenal disease
- effects: heart strain, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, ascites, blindness in cats
hypotension if systolic -90
- iatrogenic (general anesthesia), decrease in BP, vasodilation
- effects: decrease flow to kindeys, brain, muscles
- compensation: increased HR, vasoconstriction
thrombus
stationary blood clot - from damage to lining of blood vessels
thromboembolus: thrombus that breaks off and lodges in a branch
saddle thromus in cats
HCM: thick hearts walls, shrunk chambers/ventricles
- more at risk for clots
- breaking off and lodging in iliac arteries -> hind limb paralysis
pheochromocytoma
adrenal gland tumor that can invade caudal vena cava + cause hemorrhage
