Intro

Question 1

Disease is…

Answer 1

• A stoppage, interruption, or disorder of an organ or whole body system
• An extension or distortion of the body’s normal physiologic process

Question 2

Diseases have…

Answer 2

recognized etiologies and a group of manifestations

Question 3

Meaning of:
- “patho”
- “physiology”
- “pathophysiology”

Answer 3

Patho - Greek for “suffering” or “disease”

Physiology - functions of the human body

Pathophysiology - physiology of altered health
- changes in the cellular and organ level due to disease and how those changes affect total body function

Question 4

Etiology groups

Answer 4

1. biological
2. physical forces
3. chemical agents
4. genetic disorders
5. nutritional excess or deficits
6. idiopathic diseases

Question 5

Biological etiologies

Answer 5

viruses and bacteria

Question 6

Physical force etiologies

Answer 6

• trauma, burns, etc.
• excess force or energy applied to bodily tissue

Question 7

Chemical agent etiologies

Answer 7

• poisons, acids, etc.
• innate - non living organisms

Question 8

Genetic disorder etiologies

Answer 8

chromosomal abnormalities

Question 9

Nutritional excess or deficit etiologies

Answer 9

A patient may have too much or too little minerals or proteins

Question 10

Idiopathic disease etiologies

Answer 10

• When we cannot pinpoint the exact reason for the disease
• Rare because of scientific advances

Question 11

Ways to categorize etiologies

Answer 11

Extrinsic - disease occurs outside body
Intrinsic - disease occurs inside the body

Congenital - disease is present at birth
Acquired - disease comes later in life

Question 12

T/F - diseases only have 1 etiology (cause)

Answer 12

False - diseases commonly have multiple points of origin

Ex - diabetes mellitus II causes: family history, obesity, genetics, etc.

Question 13

What are manifestations?

Answer 13

• effects of disease
• observable changes in life processes
• apparent and obvious from the outside or inside

Question 14

Do disease have a long or short preclinical stage before noticeable manifestations?
What is occurring at this stage?

Answer 14

long - biological changes happen

Question 15

Chronic disease manifestations

Answer 15

• takes a long time for clear manifestations
• can be present for months or years
• causes problems at the cellular and tissue level

Question 16

signs vs. symptoms

Answer 16

signs: objective, measurable, ex: temperature

symptoms: subjective, internal, only patient is able to report, ex: sore throat

Both: fever

Question 17

acute disease

Answer 17

relatively severe but self-limiting

Question 18

subacute

Answer 18

• intermediate between acute and chronic
• not as severe as acute, but not as prolonged as chronic

Question 19

chronic

Answer 19

• implies a long, continuous process
• can be continuous or have exacerbations and remissions

Question 20

preclinical

Answer 20

period of disease where manifestations did not occur yet, but will

Question 21

subclinical

Answer 21

• rare and below radar
• disease is not severe enough to cause noticeable manifestations
• only causes changes on cellular and tissue level
• example: TB

Question 22

primary intervention

Answer 22

• actions taken by an individual or population to prevent a disease
• takes disease completely off table

example: vaccines

Question 23

secondary intervention

Answer 23

• connects to the preclinical stage
• does not prevent disease entirely
• actions taken to catch a disease early before clear manifestations

example: pap smears, screenings, lab tests

Question 24

tertiary intervention

Answer 24

• rehabilitation and recovery after the fact
• actions taken to reduce long term disability

example: medication given to heart attack patients to reduce risk of another

Question 25

sequelae vs. complications

Answer 25

sequelae - expected, predictable outcomes
complications - unexpected, preventable outcomes

difference: whether we can intervene and prevent manifestations from occurring

Question 26

mortality

Answer 26

• death producing characteristics due to disease
• statistics that provide information about causes of death in a given population

Question 27

morbidity

Answer 27

• functional effects of an illness on a person’s life
• persistence + long term consequences

Question 28

incidence

Answer 28

• how quickly a disease spreads among a population
• number of new cases a particular disease over a defined time period

Question 29

population

Answer 29

number of people without the disease but at risk of getting it

Question 30

prevalence

Answer 30

• how many people in the population have the disease right now