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Pathological Liars > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation

A
  • first line of defense
  • only occurs in vascularized tissue
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2
Q

Inflammation is the reaction of…

A

vascularized tissue injury

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3
Q

Inflammation is characterized by…

A

inflammatory mediators
- inflammatory cells drive process

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4
Q

Key Purposes of Inflammation

A
  • get rid of pathogen creating problem
  • make way for restoration or healing
  • prevent tissue damage + infection
  • prepare damaged tissue for repair
  • prepare immune response
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5
Q

first line of immunity function and barriers

A

“innate” immunity: natural born
- prevents microorganism entry

barriers

  • physical (skin)
  • chemical (macrophages, stimulating chemical messengers) ; (cellular, molecular)
  • mechanical
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6
Q

Innate immunity employs…

A

rapid cellular and chemical responses

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7
Q

What cells make up innate immunity?

A
  • phagocytes
  • neutrophils
  • macrophages
  • natural killer cells
  • chemical mediators
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8
Q

Second line of immunity

A

“adaptive” or “acquired” immunity

interactions between immune and antigens

recognition between self (body cells) and non self

slower than innate, but more specific

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9
Q

Example of secondary (adaptive) immunity

A

viruses and vaccines
- previous exposure: immune system forms antibodies

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10
Q

Secondary line of immunity target

A

very specific target: 2 types

  • Humoral (B-cells)
  • Cell Mediated (T-cells)
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11
Q

“-itis”

A
  • refers to inflammatory conditions
  • not necessarily a disease
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12
Q

Acute Inflammation

A
  • short inflammatory process
  • lasts a few minutes –> several days
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13
Q

Acute Inflammation key feature - definition + components + cells

A

exudation

  • movement of inflammatory + immune system cells into the extravascular tissues
  • includes: fluid + plasma components and LEUKOCYTES
  • when it occurs, dominated by NEUTROPHILS
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14
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A
  • condition usually begin as acute and then develops to chronic
  • lasts for days to years
  • local or systemic
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15
Q

Chronic Inflammation - proliferation of…

A
  • blood vessels
  • tissue necrosis
  • fibrosis
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16
Q

Chronic Inflammation is dominated by what cells?

A
  • lymphocytes
  • macrophages
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17
Q

Key Difference between Acute and Chronic Inflammation

A

acute has EXUDATION

chronic has FIBROSIS

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18
Q

Causes of chronic inflammation

A
  • recurrent progressive acute inflammatory process
  • viruses and bacteria that lay dormant
  • talc or silica powder from plants
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19
Q

Nonspecific Chronic Inflammation

  • Progression
  • Localized or systemic?
A
  • diffuse accumulation of macrophages and lymphocytes

ongoing chemotaxis –> infiltration of macrophages –> fibroblast proliferation –> scar formation
- scar formation: hard + avascular

  • systemic
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20
Q

Granulomatous Inflammation

A
  • small lesion (1-2mm)

foreign body giant cell
- foreign bodies (blister or suture) are surrounded by macrophages –> surrounded by lymphocytes

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21
Q

3 Phases of Inflammation

A
  1. vascular phase
  2. cellular phase
  3. Inflammatory mediators
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22
Q

Vascular Phase of inflammation is the process of…

A

…clotting, edema, and beginning of pain

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23
Q

Vascular Phase of inflammation contains changes in…

A

small blood vessels at the site of injury

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24
Q

The Vascular Phase of inflammation is initiated by…

A

the release of chemical mediators

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25
Q

Vascular Phase of inflammation is characterized by (4)…

A
  1. vasodilation, after temporary period of vasoconstriction
  2. changes in blood flow
  3. increased permeability in capillaries
  4. leakage of fluid into extravascular tissues (exudation)
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26
Q

In the vascular phase of inflammation, increased capillary permeability allows…

A

granulocytes to exit the vascular system and move to the injured tissue

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27
Q

changes in the vascular phase of acute inflammation prepare…

A

cellular response

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28
Q

Capillary vasoconstriction vs. vasodilation

A

vasoconstriction: limits blood loss
vasodilation: increases blood flow

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29
Q

Vascular phase of inflammation speed and impact

A

occurs quickly

major part of inflammation

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30
Q

Cellular phase sequence of events

A
  • leukocytes go to site of injury to destroy offending agent and clear damaged cells (phagocytosis)

sequence

  1. margination and adhesion
  2. transmigration
  3. chemotaxis
  4. leukocyte activation + phagocytosis
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31
Q

What occurs during the Margination and Adhesion stage of the Cellular phase?

A

buildup of leukocytes on blood vessel wall (endothelium)
- leukocytes slow their migration, adhere tightly to endothelium, and begin to move along the periphery of blood vessels

32
Q

What occurs during Transmigration Stage of the Cellular phase?

A
  • inflammatory mediators secrete chemicals that cause endothelial cells to separate
  • leukocytes move through the spaces in walls and unto tissue space
33
Q

What occurs during the Chemotaxis stage of the Cellular phase?

A
  • a dynamic + energy driven process
  • inflammatory mediators direct the movement of leukocytes to site of infection
  • once leukocytes exit capillaries, they are guided through the tissue by chemoattractants
34
Q

What are chemoattractants?

A

bacterial + cellular debris

protein fragments

chemokines

35
Q

What are chemokines a subgroup of and what are they secreted by?

A
  • subgroup of cytokines
  • secreted by immune and non-immune cells (macrophages)
36
Q

Chemokines function

A

small proteins that direct trafficking of leukocytes during the early stages of inflammation

37
Q

What are cytokines?

A

cell communication molecules

grouped w/ chemoattractants

38
Q

What occurs during Leukocyte Activation and Phagocytosis stage of Cellular Phase?

A
  • recognition, adherence, engulfment, intracellular killing
  • cleans up dead cells
39
Q

Phagocytosis is initiated by…

A

the recognition and binding of particles by specific receptors on the surface of phagocytic cells

40
Q

What are Inflammatory mediators? What are the 2 types?

A

activated chemical substances that coordinate with the vascular + cellular phase to direct cells and process inflammation

  1. plasma derived
  2. cell derived
41
Q

Plasma Derived inflammatory mediators are synthesized in…

A

the liver

42
Q

Plasma Derived inflammatory mediators - components

A

components MUST BE ACTIVATED by enzymes

  1. acute phase proteins
  2. coagulation factors
  3. complement proteins
43
Q

Plasma Derived components - Acute Phase Proteins (timeline + effects)

A
  • short, quick reactions
  • causes fever and chills
44
Q

Plasma Derived components - Coagulation factors (purpose and products)

A
  • proteins that aid in hemostasis + blood clotting

includes KININS

  • activated kinin system produces bradykinin
  • vasoactive: vasoconstriction and vasodilation (increases capillary pressure edema)

CLOTTING

  • thrombin
  • contributes to vascular phase
45
Q

Plasma Derived components - Complement proteins (purpose + system)

A
  • help antibodies respond like they should

complement system

  • functions as enzymes as part of inflammatory response
  • interacts w/ multiple molecules + proteins within the body
  • help direct leukocyte to site of injury/infection
46
Q

Cell Derived inflammatory mediators are derived from…

A

intracellular granules (pockets)

47
Q

Cell Derived inflammatory mediators function

A

to respond to injury or trauma

some mediators need to be secreted (inactive)
some mediators need to be newly synthesized (ready for action once formed)

48
Q

Cell derived mediator types:

A
  1. histamine
  2. arachidonic acid metabolites
  3. cytokines + chemokines
  4. nitric oxide + free radicals
49
Q

Cell derived mediators - histamine

A
  • one of the 1st to be released
  • a vasodilator
  • produces swelling, itching
  • ## works with serotonin
50
Q

Cell derived mediators - arachidonic acid metabolites (2 stimulation pathways)

A
  1. lipoxygenase pathway
  2. cyclooxygenase
51
Q

Cell derived mediators - arachidonic acid metabolites effects:

A
  • stimulates smooth muscle contraction
  • increases capillary permeability
  • causes vasodilation
  • causes bronchoconstriction
  • promotes platelet function
52
Q

Cell derived mediators - cytokines + chemokines (purpose and effects)

A
  • generate systemic responses during inflammation
  • decrease BP
  • increase HR
  • fever, chills
53
Q

Cell derived mediators - nitric oxide + free radicals (effects)

A
  • vasodilation
  • smooth muscle relaxation
  • antagonism of platelet adhesion
  • leukocyte recruiter
54
Q

Cells of inflammation

A
  • platelets
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • monocytes
  • basophils
  • mast cells
55
Q

Cells of inflammation - platelets function and effects

A
  • involved in hemostasis, which maintains blood flow
  • causes clots
56
Q

Cells of inflammation - neutrophils

A

early birds - arrive early at site of inflammation
- essential part of acute inflammation

57
Q

Cells of inflammation - eosinophils

A
  • increase during allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) or parasitic reactions
  • involved in hypersensitivity reactions
58
Q

Cells of inflammation - monocytes (what they produce + what they are heavily involved in)

A
  • produce potent inflammatory mediators
  • heavily involved w/ growth doctors for healing tissues
59
Q

Cells of inflammation - basophils (derived from…)

A

bone marrow

60
Q

Cells of inflammation - mast cells

A
  • activation results in release of granular mediators: degranulate
  • developed later
  • release multiple chemicals, such as histamine
61
Q

Tissue injury needed for mast cells to…

A

degranulate and release histamine and chemotaxic chemicals (neutrophils and eosinophils)

62
Q

LOCAL manifestations of inflammation

A
  • vascular changes (vasodilation/constriction)
  • leukocyte infiltration (build up of vessel wall)
  • severity of reaction (length of time)
  • specific cause (infection)
  • site of involvement
63
Q

SYSTEMIC manifestations of inflammation

A

acute phase response begins within hours or days

leukocytosis - increased white blood cells

lymphadenitis - reaction in the lymph nodes; swelling from increase of fluid

64
Q

Terms for signs of inflammation: rubor

A

redness

65
Q

Terms for signs of inflammation: tumor

A

swelling

66
Q

Terms for signs of inflammation: calor

A

heat

67
Q

Terms for signs of inflammation: dolor

A

pain

68
Q

Terms for signs of inflammation: functio laeso

A

loss of function

69
Q

Exudates: serous

A

something clear outside of blood

ex: fluid in blisters

70
Q

Exudates: hemorrhagic

A

severe trauma -→ blood

71
Q

Exudates: fibrinous

A
  • thick, stick fluid
  • usually in scars -→ likely in chronic inflammation
72
Q

Exudates: membranous

A

thick mucous

73
Q

Exudates: purulent or suppurative

A
  • some type of abscess
  • can happen as a result of an ulceration
74
Q

Goal of acute inflammation

A

complete restoration of normal tissue

75
Q

What is acute inflammation restoration dependent on?

A
  • minimal cell death/damage
  • tissue capacity for regeneration
  • overall health and nutrition
  • removal of causal agent
  • removal of debris and fluid

Pathological Liars (7 decks)

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