Intro Flashcards
what is the result of estrogen crossing the placenta later in preg
may trigger the secretion of prolactin from the neonates pituitary gland
-may result in the benign proliferation of glandular tissue that starts as early as six weeks of fetal development (mastauxe)
what is mastauxe and two types
neonatal development of breast tissue
neonatal mastuxe- less than or equal to 3cm
Giant mastuxe- >3cm
What are some complications of mastuxe
Neonatal breast abscess
Neonatal astitis
neonatal galactocele (retained stagnant milk)
What is neonatal galactorrhea and presentation
babies secrete non bloody, milk like, cloudy fluid from the nipples
-occurs when estrogen and progesterone lvls decrease after delivery, enabling the secretion of prolactin from oxytocin from the neonates pituitary
what is adult mons pubis
swelling of fatty pad that overly the symphysis pubis
what does precocious puberty and what is involved in it
if any of the following develop before 8:
- development of breasts
- first period
- armpit or pubic hair
- begining to grow faster
- mature outer genetics
when does puberty start/what happens
- puberty begins with maturation of the hypothalamus and is controlled by the Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
- HPG experiences a pulsatile release of Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) which stims pituitary gonadotropins and gonadal sex organs
when does puberty usually start in females and how long does it last
deemed physiological when it begins between 8-12 y
-usually lasts 3-4years and consist of a series of events that typically proceed in a predictable sequence
african american development vs Caucasian
found that AA girls develop 6-12 m before Caucasian girls
start menses 8 + 1/2 months prior to caucasian
early maturation in girls is associated w what
low self esteem less favourable body image greater range of eating probs depression suicide attempts higher risk of adult diseases (breast cancer/ endometrial cancer)
how much earlier is has thelarche (breast budding) occurring every decade
decreased 3m per decade
what are the 5 theories for early puberty
1, Leptin (increased in childhood obesity)
- Xenoestrogens
- Nutrition (high Sugar/refined carbs/high fat/low fib)
- decreased activity
5, rapid weight gain in infancy
concerns for early puberty (adult diseases)
obesity type 2 diabetes heart disease breast cancer depression behavioural disordeers
what is delayed puberty
clinically defined by the absence or incomplete development of sex characteristics by age 13
what is the absence of pub by 18 considered
hypogonadism (absence of activation of HPG axis)
What are the 3 phases of pubery
- Thelarche
- Adrenarche
- Menarche
What occurs in the first phase of pub (thelarche)
Development of glandular breast tissue
- Pelvis widens
- change in fat distribution
- vag epithelium increases in thickness, PH decreased
-Change in internal organs (body of uterus, cervix, ovaries)
What happens in phase 2- Adrenarche
Begins usually between 9-11 and continues in young adult
- primarily an emotional and psychical state of development
- sign of getting pubic hair followed by axillary hair
- due to increased secretion of adrenal androgens from ovary and adrenal glands
what happens in menarche/age
NA age of onset is between 11-14
final marker of pun
first menstrual period
What is the follicular phase and ovarian cycle + uterine cycle changes
Day 1-13; before release of the egg
Ovarian cycle- FSH increase slightly, stims dev of eggs
Uterine cycle- Estrogen/progesterone low (endometrium breaks down and shed)
What is the ovulatory phase and changes in ovarian cycle/ uterine cycle
- day 14- egg release
Ovarian- Surge in LH and FSH. LH stims release of egg
Uterine- Estrogen dec, progesterone increase, thickens
Luteal stage- Ovarian/uterine changes
after egg release; day 15-28
Ovarian- LH and FSH decrease, ruptured follicle closes and forms corpus luteum (produces progesterone)
Uterine- increased estrogen/progesterone causes uterine lining to thicken
What is Estrone (Oesterone)- E1 and when is it found
form of estrogen most prevalent during menopause
produced by ovaries, body fat and adrenals
What is estradiol (OEstradiol)- E2 and when is it prev
Most prev during reproductive life
- exerts strongest effect
- produced by follicles and corpus luteum in overages
- helps to mature and release the egg and uterine lining thickening
hen is estriol (Oestriol) E3 produced
Produced during preg by the placenta
what does estrogen increase
Follicle growth Fallopian tube mobility Thickness of endometrium uterine blood flow libedo breast duct growth jt mobility
when does progesterone peak and what does it do
regulates monthly mestrual cycle, prepares the body for conception and maintains pregnancy (peaks in luteal phase)
- helps uterus accept and maintain fertilized egg
- stims growth of milk producing glands in breast
