Intro

Question 1

what is the result of estrogen crossing the placenta later in preg

Answer 1

may trigger the secretion of prolactin from the neonates pituitary gland
-may result in the benign proliferation of glandular tissue that starts as early as six weeks of fetal development (mastauxe)

Question 2

what is mastauxe and two types

Answer 2

neonatal development of breast tissue

neonatal mastuxe- less than or equal to 3cm
Giant mastuxe- >3cm

Question 3

What are some complications of mastuxe

Answer 3

Neonatal breast abscess
Neonatal astitis
neonatal galactocele (retained stagnant milk)

Question 4

What is neonatal galactorrhea and presentation

Answer 4

babies secrete non bloody, milk like, cloudy fluid from the nipples
-occurs when estrogen and progesterone lvls decrease after delivery, enabling the secretion of prolactin from oxytocin from the neonates pituitary

Question 5

what is adult mons pubis

Answer 5

swelling of fatty pad that overly the symphysis pubis

Question 6

what does precocious puberty and what is involved in it

Answer 6

if any of the following develop before 8:

• development of breasts
• first period
• armpit or pubic hair
• begining to grow faster
• mature outer genetics

Question 7

when does puberty start/what happens

Answer 7

• puberty begins with maturation of the hypothalamus and is controlled by the Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
• HPG experiences a pulsatile release of Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) which stims pituitary gonadotropins and gonadal sex organs

Question 8

when does puberty usually start in females and how long does it last

Answer 8

deemed physiological when it begins between 8-12 y

-usually lasts 3-4years and consist of a series of events that typically proceed in a predictable sequence

Question 9

african american development vs Caucasian

Answer 9

found that AA girls develop 6-12 m before Caucasian girls

start menses 8 + 1/2 months prior to caucasian

Question 10

early maturation in girls is associated w what

Answer 10

low self esteem
less favourable body image
greater range of eating probs
depression
suicide attempts
higher risk of adult diseases (breast cancer/ endometrial cancer)

Question 11

how much earlier is has thelarche (breast budding) occurring every decade

Answer 11

decreased 3m per decade

Question 12

what are the 5 theories for early puberty

Answer 12

1, Leptin (increased in childhood obesity)

2. Xenoestrogens
3. Nutrition (high Sugar/refined carbs/high fat/low fib)
4. decreased activity

5, rapid weight gain in infancy

Question 13

concerns for early puberty (adult diseases)

Answer 13

obesity
type 2 diabetes
heart disease
breast cancer
depression 
behavioural disordeers

Question 14

what is delayed puberty

Answer 14

clinically defined by the absence or incomplete development of sex characteristics by age 13

Question 15

what is the absence of pub by 18 considered

Answer 15

hypogonadism (absence of activation of HPG axis)

Question 16

What are the 3 phases of pubery

Answer 16

1. Thelarche
2. Adrenarche
3. Menarche

Question 17

What occurs in the first phase of pub (thelarche)

Answer 17

Development of glandular breast tissue

• Pelvis widens
• change in fat distribution
• vag epithelium increases in thickness, PH decreased

-Change in internal organs (body of uterus, cervix, ovaries)

Question 18

What happens in phase 2- Adrenarche

Answer 18

Begins usually between 9-11 and continues in young adult

• primarily an emotional and psychical state of development
• sign of getting pubic hair followed by axillary hair
• due to increased secretion of adrenal androgens from ovary and adrenal glands

Question 19

what happens in menarche/age

Answer 19

NA age of onset is between 11-14
final marker of pun
first menstrual period

Question 20

What is the follicular phase and ovarian cycle + uterine cycle changes

Answer 20

Day 1-13; before release of the egg

Ovarian cycle- FSH increase slightly, stims dev of eggs

Uterine cycle- Estrogen/progesterone low (endometrium breaks down and shed)

Question 21

What is the ovulatory phase and changes in ovarian cycle/ uterine cycle

Answer 21

• day 14- egg release

Ovarian- Surge in LH and FSH. LH stims release of egg

Uterine- Estrogen dec, progesterone increase, thickens

Question 22

Luteal stage- Ovarian/uterine changes

Answer 22

after egg release; day 15-28

Ovarian- LH and FSH decrease, ruptured follicle closes and forms corpus luteum (produces progesterone)

Uterine- increased estrogen/progesterone causes uterine lining to thicken

Question 23

What is Estrone (Oesterone)- E1 and when is it found

Answer 23

form of estrogen most prevalent during menopause

produced by ovaries, body fat and adrenals

Question 24

What is estradiol (OEstradiol)- E2 and when is it prev

Answer 24

Most prev during reproductive life

• exerts strongest effect
• produced by follicles and corpus luteum in overages
• helps to mature and release the egg and uterine lining thickening

Question 25

hen is estriol (Oestriol) E3 produced

Answer 25

Produced during preg by the placenta

Question 26

what does estrogen increase

Answer 26

Follicle growth
Fallopian tube mobility 
Thickness of endometrium 
uterine blood flow
libedo
breast duct growth
jt mobility

Question 27

when does progesterone peak and what does it do

Answer 27

regulates monthly mestrual cycle, prepares the body for conception and maintains pregnancy (peaks in luteal phase)

• helps uterus accept and maintain fertilized egg
• stims growth of milk producing glands in breast