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Investigative Analytical Science > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

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1
Q

What do Analytical Scientists use?

A

Different methods.

Different instruments.

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2
Q

Where does the choice of methods and instruments depend?

A

On analyte’s nature.

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3
Q

What questions do analytical scientists try to answer?

A
  1. What have I got?
  2. How much of it do I have?
  3. But…How confident are you?
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4
Q

What does the question ‘What have I got’ talk about?

A

Tests and processes quality.

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5
Q

What does the question ‘How much of it do I have’ talk about?

A

Substance, concentrations quantity: Forensic.

Was the substance the cure or the cause of patient’s illness?: Biomedical.

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6
Q

What does the question ‘But…How confident are you?’ talk about?

A

Powerful, correct quality assurance and statistical analysis.
Repeat analysis for incorrect results.
Represent truly the final result.

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7
Q

What problems might occur during an experiment?

A 
Poor sample.
Contamination.
Wrong technique.
Preplanned falsification.
Poor calculation.
Incorrect units.
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8
Q

How can the sample be poor?

A

When it is:
Wrong.
Not representative of the whole.
Small, not enough divided.

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9
Q

When can the sample be contaminated?

A

If it is not:
Stored and used correctly.
Identifiable.
Labelled correctly for particular analysis.

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10
Q

How can the wrong technique be prevented in an analysis?

A

By recording properly sample and results.

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11
Q

How can poor calculations of maths be prevented in an analysis?

A

By doing them:
Properly.
Powerfully.
Understanding every step.

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12
Q

How can incorrect units present in an analytical experiment?

A

By incorrect calculations.

Errors.

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13
Q

What can an arithmetical error cause to someone?

A

Jail.

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14
Q

How can someone be guilty because of an arithmetical error?

A

Wrong multiplication.
Large/small figure.
Not same to true value.

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15
Q

What must we be in terms of calculations in analysis?

A

Extremely careful in the whole process and data analysis of numbers.

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16
Q

On what do analytical results depend?

A 
Representative sample.
Sample honesty/integrity.
Analysis method accurate and precise.
Analyse right sample.
Analyse right person/place.
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17
Q

What does GIGO mean?

A

Garbage In Garbage Out.

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18
Q

What must the sample be?

A

Site representative.

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19
Q

For what is the sampler responsible?

A

Representativeness of sample.

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20
Q

What might happen in an experimental and analytical process?

A

Experiment in lab –> given to analyst for analysis.

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21
Q

What happens when the sample is liquid?

A

The liquid is the whole sample representative.

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22
Q

What happens when the sample is a powder?

A

Take a small part of the sample –> mix up –> coning and quartering process –> take sample.

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23
Q

What must be taken in a method of experimental process?

A

Accuracy.

Precision.

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24
Q

Whose responsibility are the results taken from the experimental method?

A

The analysts.

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25
Q

What is the method?

A

The whole procedure.

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26
Q

What does the method include?

A 
Sample selection.
Sample preparation.
Weighing.
Dissolving.
Purification = unwanted material removed.
Analysis.
Results.
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27
Q

What does the sample integrity involve?

A

Correct sample.
Correct patient details.
Nothing has changed.

28
Q

Which 3 factors ensure that the sample is correct?

A
  1. Traceability.
  2. Good record keeping.
  3. Secure/safe storage.
29
Q

How can we make sure it is the correct sample?

A 
Keep sample chain.
Labelling correctly.
Secure storage.
Cleanliness.
Avoid contamination = false effects
30
Q

What can cause degradation of samples?

A 
Light.
Heat.
Oxidation.
Contamination.
Container loss.
Bacterial action. 
Physical contact.
Material loss.
Solubility changes.
31
Q

How can light and heat cause degradation of samples?

A

By releasing energy.

Leading to different reactions.

32
Q

How can solubility changes cause sample degradation?

A

Uncontrolled temperature.

Too much heat –> precipitation.

33
Q

What can be done to prevent sample degradation?

A

Store in dark, cool place.
Use suitable containers-specifically designed.
Acidify solutions.
Let little air space in container.

34
Q

Why should acidify solutions to prevent sample degradation?

A

Metals react with water and air and they react.

Keep pH controlled.

35
Q

What else is needed in forensic analysis?

A

Signature of sample keeping.
Logbook of recorded samples.
Logbook of accessibility of sample.

36
Q

What does the Quality Assurance programme require?

A

Use of known chemicals from known batches.
Recorded analytical specifications.
Shelf life.
Use by date.

37
Q

Why a Quality Assurance programme should be followed?

A

To identify wrong situations/chemicals used.

Minimise contamination.

38
Q

What is exactly a Quality Assurance?

A

A system.

39
Q

What does the Quality Assurance system state?

A 
What will be done.
Analysis type.
What checks, controls will be carried out.
Reagents.
Chemicals. 
Records will show what has been done. 
What expected.
40
Q

Which is an organisation that will approve quality systems?

A

ISO9000.

41
Q

What is an accreditation scheme for l laboratories?

A

UKAS (UK Accreditation Service).

NAMAS (National Accreditation of Measurement and Sampling).

42
Q

What is only accredited?

A

Only some standard procedures.

43
Q

What will any organisation have?

A

Its own QA system.

44
Q

Why should any organisation have its own QA system?

A

For analysis conditions.

45
Q

Where do own adaptive techniques depend in the lab?

A

On lab actions.

46
Q

How are records characterised?

A

Important.

47
Q

What is required for applications?

A

Properly noted laboratory notebooks.
Results’ proof.
Evidence.
Not destroyed things.

48
Q

What must be noted in a laboratory notebook?

A

How things were done.

Written process.

49
Q

What will be checked with the help of a noted laboratory notebook?

A

Calculations.

Right/wrong things.

50
Q

What is necessary to be written in a lab notebook?

A

Much detail.

51
Q

Where does the lab notebook belong?

A

To the company we work for.

Not to us.

52
Q

Why are records important?

A

To explain what occurred.

53
Q

On what we can not rely?

A

Our memory.

54
Q

What can not be characterised as a result?

A

A measurement.

55
Q

What do measurements show?

A

Data.

Concentration range.

56
Q

What happens to the data and concentration range?

A

The are analytically processed.

Give results.

57
Q

What be a rubbish and not accurate graph of data?

A 
A non informative.
Non labelled axis.
Errors uncommented.
No units on axis.
Wrong units on axis.
Meaningless conclusion.
Graph uncommented.
58
Q

What can be a proper graph of data?

A

Labelled axis.
Units.
Good structure.
Arrive at a result.

59
Q

What should measurements include?

A

Units.

60
Q

What should results be?

A

Calculated.

61
Q

What do calculations need?

A

Validating.

62
Q

What should be done with errors?

A

Estimation.

63
Q

What should be done on the result?

A

Comment.

64
Q

What can lead to wrong answer that need to be checked?

A

Uncertainties.

65
Q

What do the results need to be?

A

Confident.

Investigative Analytical Science (16 decks)

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