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Investigative Analytical Science > Book 1: Biomedical Sciences Essential Laboratory Medicine > Flashcards

Book 1: Biomedical Sciences Essential Laboratory Medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

What is clinical chemistry?

A

The area of pathology with soluble noncellular components analysis of body fluids.

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2
Q

What is an example of a body fluid?

A

Blood.

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3
Q

What can the soluble noncellular components be?

A

Small inorganic = salts, ions.
Large organic = lipids, steroids, drugs.
Macromolecules = albumin, enzymes, protein hormones.

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4
Q

What is the aim of the biochemical tests used in a clinical chemistry laboratory?

A

To accurately quantify the soluble noncellular components of body fluid.

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5
Q

What is it used in the laboratory to reduce variation of measurements?

A

Standard operating procedures (SOPs).

Quality control testing.

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6
Q

What is examined in clinical chemistry?

A

Blood serum separately from blood plasma.

Urine.

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7
Q

How is urine get collected for clinical analysis?

A

24h collection.

In a plastic container with an antibacterial agent from clinic.

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8
Q

What is often collected as urine to be examined clinically?

A

Early morning urine (EMU).

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9
Q

What are the benefits of collected early morning urine for analysis?

A

More concentrated.

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10
Q

When is midstream urine (MSU) collected for analysis?

A

For microbiological purposes.

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11
Q

How are blood samples collected for clinical analysis?

A

In tubes appropriate to the test required.

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12
Q

What does blood serum contain?

A

Clotting factors.

Fibrinogen.

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13
Q

Why is blood serum the optimal fluid for blood analysis?

A

The blood clots in a plain tube –> fibrinogen + clotting factors –> clot –> leave clot factor free –> yellow on top –> blood cells on bottom.

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14
Q

What is the function of centrifugation?

A

It maximizes the volume of serum.

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15
Q

What can a strong centrifugation cause to the sample?

A

Lysis of red cells –> release haemoglobin –> red contamination to serum.

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16
Q

How can clotting be prevented?

A

By the presence of sodium citrate, heparin, EDTA in blood collecting tube.

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17
Q

What is the function of anticoagulant?

A

It determines which which test can be performed.

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18
Q

What is the function of Heparin?

A

It blocks clotting irreversibly.

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19
Q

What is the function of EDTA?

A

Creates ions.
Adds excess of magnesium and calcium.
Enzyme analysis.

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20
Q

What can clotting affect?

A

Blood glucose measurement.

Adrenaline/catecholamine measurement.

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21
Q

How do hospital collect blood?

A

Via: Vacutainer tubes = Becton Dickinson (BD).

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22
Q

What is the BD?

A

A plastic sleeve with a double-ended needle.

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23
Q

How does the BD work to collect blood?

A

Screwing sleeve-covered-end of needle into holder –> puncturing holder’s vein with other end –> tube pushed down into holder –> blood drawn.

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24
Q

What are creatinine measurements in humans based on analysis?

A 
Constant = healthy humans.
Men = 9-18mmol/24h.
Women = 7-16mmol/24h.
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25
Q

What is the biggest cause of error in clinical sample analysis?

A

Incorrect sample labelling.

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26
Q

What must recorded in sample labelling?

A

Patient’s full name.

Hospital reference numbers.

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27
Q

What can mixing sample labels cause?

A

Inappropriate treatment.

Patient death.

28
Q

What can improve sample labelling?

A

Barcodes.

29
Q

What are some chemical analysis systems?

A

Light emission.
Scattering absorption.
Fluorescence.
Luminescence.

30
Q

How does Flame photometry work as a clinical chemistry analyte?

A

A spectral scan of portion is produced when metals excite in flame –> lines of emission at wavelengths.

31
Q

What does the spectral emission produced by the flame photometry do?

A

It changes the colour of the source flame.

32
Q

For how many hours and degrees should NaCl and KC be dried before use?

A

2-3 hours.

100 degrees.

33
Q

Where must chemicals be allowed to cool before weighing?

A

At room temperature.
In desiccators.
In container with tight-fitting lid with small air space.

34
Q

Why is the digital reading for Na adjusted to 140 and K to 50, after aspiration?

A

To represent them in undiluted serum.

35
Q

What is a classic example of a simple colorimetric assay in clinical chemistry?

A

Urea measurement.

36
Q

What happens in urea measurement?

A

Urea react with specific compounds –> colour product.

37
Q

What colour does urea give when it reacts with diacetyl mono-xime under strong acidic conditions?

A

Yellow.

38
Q

What happens to the colour produced by glucose colorimetry?

A

Removed.

39
Q

Why does the colour product from glucose colorimetry removed?

A

Colour reaction is a bystander effect of an introduced chromatophore reacting through enzyme.

Metabolic product of glucose acts by a specific glucose degrading enzyme.

40
Q

What factor makes the yellow product from urea + diacetyl monoxime reaction into red?

A

Ferricions Thiosemicarbazide.

41
Q

With what does urea react in analysis by colorimetric assay, under strong acidic conditions?

A

With diacetyl monoxime.

42
Q

What does urea give when it reacts with diacetyl monoxime?

A

A yellow condensation product.

43
Q

By what is the reaction between urea and diacetyl monoxide boosted?

A

By ferric ions.

Thiosemicarbazide.

44
Q

What colour do ferric ions give to the urea reaction with diacetyl monoxime?

A

Intense red colour.

45
Q

For how long and in what temperature should we store samples?

A

No longer than 8 hours.
At room temperature 25-35 degrees.
and
7 days at 2-8 degrees.

46
Q

Where can we store the samples for longer than 8 hours?

A

In the freezer.

47
Q

What shall we do if the samples show evidence of bacterial contamination?

A

Do not use them for urea estimation.

48
Q

What else can be used to estimate urea?

A

Plasma.

49
Q

When is the colour reagent prepared?

A

Fresh at the time for analysis.

50
Q

How is the colour reagent prepared?

A

By mixing distilled water.
Mixed acid reagent.
Mixed colour reagent.
In ration 1:1:1.

51
Q

How can we calculate the urea in test sample?

A

Urea in test sample = (Absorbance of test / Absorbance of Standard) * 150 mg/dl.

52
Q

What is urea in analytical methods?

A

One of the most common analytes measured in a laboratory.

53
Q

What is essential to involve in a urea analysis?

A

Normal QC pool = internal QC.

54
Q

What can be obtained from the QC results?

A

Mean.
Standard deviation.
%CV.

55
Q

What is the acceptable limit of urea analysis?

A

4%.

56
Q

What is the acceptable limit of %CV value of urea analysis?

A

8%.

57
Q

What is important for a company that uses QC to do?

A

Certify their QC materials are traceable to international reference materials.

58
Q

What are most of the chemicals used in a urea analysis?

A

Acids.

59
Q

What should we avoid doing during urea analysis?

A

Mouth pipetting.

Contact with skin.

60
Q

What happens in the Glucose analysis by colorimetric assay?

A

Glucose is presented in plasma –> oxidised by enzyme glucose oxidase (GOD). –> gluconic acid –> leaves hydrogen peroxide free.

61
Q

What happens to the free hydrogen peroxide?

A

Converted to water + oxygen, by enzyme peroxidase (POD).

62
Q

What else happens in the Glucose colorimetric assay?

A

4 amino phenazone takes oxygen –> + phenol –> pink coloured chromogen, at 515nm.

63
Q

What is the plasma in the Glucose colorimetric assay?

A

The specimen of choice for glucose estimation.

64
Q

For how many hours and at which temperature can plasma glucose levels be stable?

A

6 hours, at room temperature: 25-35 degrees.

65
Q

What is it important to happen in blood samples after collection?

A

Plasma should be separated from the cells.

66
Q

When should plasma be separated from the cells?

A

Within an hour after collection.

67
Q

How much patient’s blood should be collected into an anticoagulant tube?

A

2 ml.

Investigative Analytical Science (16 decks)

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