Intravenous Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of solute from high conc to low through semi-permeable membrane

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2
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water from high to low conc through a solute-impermeable membrane

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3
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Solute conc per unit volume of solvent

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4
Q

What is osmolality?

A

Measure of solute conc per unit mass of solvent

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5
Q

What is Tonicity?

A

Measure of the osmotic pressure gdt between two solutions

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6
Q

In what proportions is water stored in the body?

A

2/3 intracellular

1/3 extracellular (20% intravascular)

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7
Q

How is fluid balanced assessed?

A
ABCDE
Capillary refill
ECG 
Skin turgor
Patient weight 
Pulse contraanalysis
Input/output
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8
Q

What are the 4 uses of fluids?

A
Resuscitation
Routine maintenance 
Replacement 
Redistribution
(reassessment)
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9
Q

What is the limit for maintenance fluids?

A

MAX 100mls/hr

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10
Q

What are the types of fluid?

A

Crystalloid

Colloid

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11
Q

What are some crystalloid fluids?

A

Salines

Dextrose

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12
Q

What are some Colloid fluids?

A

Blood
Albumin
Starch

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13
Q

How does hypovolaemia present?

A
Nauseous
Thirsty
Flat veins
Cool peripheries
No sweat
Low/postural BP
High heart rate
Concentrated oliguria
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14
Q

How is a hypovolaemic patient managed?

A

Resuscitation fluids if low BP
Rehydration fluids
Find the cause

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15
Q

How does hypervolaemia present?

A
Breathless, not thristy
Distended veins
Warm, oedematous extremities
Sweaty
High BP/HR
Dilute urine
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16
Q

How is a hypervolaemic patient managed?

A

Diuretics

Haemofiltration (if anuric)

17
Q

What can cause difficulty in treating patients with fluid imbalance?

A

Low oncotic pressure

Heart failure

18
Q

Low protein can cause oedema in dehydrated patients how?

A

Loss of intracapillary fluid whilst behaving hypovolemic

19
Q

What are the questions to be asked in prescribing fluids?

A

What is the patient’s volume status?
Does the patient NEED IV fluids?
How much fluid is needed?
What types of fluid do they need?

20
Q

What must be taken into consideration when working out how much fluid a patient needs?

A
Work out water deficit
Catheters/drains
Input charts
Vomit bowls/sputum pots
Stool charts
21
Q

What is the normal daily loss of water in adults?

A

400-800mls

22
Q

What conditions can affect how much fluid a patient needs?

A
Sepsis
Ventilation
Open wounds
Burns
Bleeding
23
Q

What are the benefits of Dextrose fluids?

A

Moves through all compartments
Chronic dehydration
Hypernatremia

24
Q

What are the risks of dextrose fluids?

A

Not useful for blood volume expansion
Isotonic
Not useful in resus, low albumin

25
When are crystalloids used?
Acute dehydration AKI Resuscitation
26
When are crystalloids not used?
``` Long term maintenance Hypernatremic patient (High sodium load) ```
27
Dextrose fluids enter what fluid compartment?
Total body water
28
Crystalloid fluids enter what fluid compartment?
Remain in ECF
29
Plasma expander fluids enter what fluid compartment?
IVS (as colloid)
30
When are plasma expanders used?
Liver patients | Inter-operative