Intravenous Fluid Administration and Blood Transfusion Flashcards

1
Q

State factors of water output and how much water is lost by each per day.

A
Urine - 1400 ml 
Insensible: Skin - 350 ml 
Insensible: Lungs - 350ml 
Sweat: 100 ml 
Feces: 100ml
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2
Q

How many liters of water are in each body fluid compartment?

A

Total=42
ECF (14L) ; ICF (28L)
Interstitial (11L); Plasma (3L); Transcellular (1-2L)
Blood (5L)

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3
Q

Name 3 water balance mechanisms in the body.

A

ADH/Vasopressin
Renin-Angiotensin System
Aldosterone

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4
Q

Where is vasopressin produced?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of the Renin-Angiotensin system?

A

Osmoreceptors sense high osmolarity; stimulate release of renin into blood
Renin stimulates cleavage of angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1
Angiotensin 1 converted into angiotensin 2 by ACE

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6
Q

Define osmoreceptor.

A

A sensory receptor that detects changes in plasma osmolarity contributing to water balance regulation

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7
Q

From where is aldosterone released?

A

Adrenal cortex

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8
Q

Define cardiac output.

A

The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

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9
Q

Give the formula for cardiac output.

A

CO = SV(stroke volume) x HR (heart rate)

-where stroke volume =amount of blood pumped in one beat; heart rate = beats per minute

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10
Q

A patient has low cardiac output. What can we infer about their blood pressure?

A

They have a low blood pressure.

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11
Q

Venous return is ________________________.

A

the amount of blood returning back from systematic circulation back to the heart for oxygenation .

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12
Q

If a person has low blood pressure, then their venous return must be _______________

A

If a person has low blood pressure, their their venous return must be low.

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13
Q

What is PERIPHERAL BLOOD RESISTANCE?

A

resistance of arteries to blood flow

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14
Q

State 3 factors affecting peripheral blood resistance.

A
  1. Pharmacological agents/Drugs
  2. Blood viscocity
  3. Activity of PNS (sympathetic and parasympathetic activity); sympathetic activity causes both vasoconstriction
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15
Q

List 5 signs of dehydration.

A
  1. Dry mucous membranes
  2. Reduced skin turgor
  3. Increase capillary refill time (it if takes more than 3-4 seconds to fill nail bed)
  4. Increased thirst
  5. Altered level of consciousness
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16
Q

State the stages of consciousness.

A
  1. Alert
  2. Automatism; unable to remember actions later, abnormal mood
  3. Confusion; unable to speak in logical coherent manner, disorientation of time and space
  4. Delirium; hallucinations, restless, incapable of rational thought, unable to follow simple commands, possibly violent
  5. Stupor; glazed expession, quiet and uncommunicative, no control of bladder/rectum
  6. Obtunded; slow response, sleepy, decreased alertness
  7. Semi-Coma; aroused to stupor only by vigorous stimulation
  8. Coma; cannot be roused even with vigorous stimulation
17
Q

The terms oliguria, anuria, and polyuria mean?

A

Oliguria - reduced amount of urine
Anuria - no urine
Polynuria - excessive urination

18
Q

What is the fluid requirement for an adult?

A

25-30 ml per KG in 24 hours

19
Q

What are the normal hematocrit levels in men and women?

A

Women; 0.37 - 0.48

Men; 0.45 - 0.52

20
Q

What is gtts/ml?

A

It’s the way drip/drop factor is measured; gtts means drops; gtts/ml refers to the size of a drop used to deliver medication

21
Q

Name 2 solutions used for resuscitation.

A

0.9% saline

Lactated Ringer’s

22
Q

How do you deal with blood transfusion complications?

A
  1. Stop transfusion and assess vital signs
  2. Give patients with dyspnoea (difficulty breathing) oxygen
  3. Keep line open; get new IV tube for normal saline solution