Intravenous Fluid Administration and Blood Transfusion Flashcards
State factors of water output and how much water is lost by each per day.
Urine - 1400 ml Insensible: Skin - 350 ml Insensible: Lungs - 350ml Sweat: 100 ml Feces: 100ml
How many liters of water are in each body fluid compartment?
Total=42
ECF (14L) ; ICF (28L)
Interstitial (11L); Plasma (3L); Transcellular (1-2L)
Blood (5L)
Name 3 water balance mechanisms in the body.
ADH/Vasopressin
Renin-Angiotensin System
Aldosterone
Where is vasopressin produced?
Posterior pituitary gland
What is the mechanism of the Renin-Angiotensin system?
Osmoreceptors sense high osmolarity; stimulate release of renin into blood
Renin stimulates cleavage of angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1
Angiotensin 1 converted into angiotensin 2 by ACE
Define osmoreceptor.
A sensory receptor that detects changes in plasma osmolarity contributing to water balance regulation
From where is aldosterone released?
Adrenal cortex
Define cardiac output.
The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute
Give the formula for cardiac output.
CO = SV(stroke volume) x HR (heart rate)
-where stroke volume =amount of blood pumped in one beat; heart rate = beats per minute
A patient has low cardiac output. What can we infer about their blood pressure?
They have a low blood pressure.
Venous return is ________________________.
the amount of blood returning back from systematic circulation back to the heart for oxygenation .
If a person has low blood pressure, then their venous return must be _______________
If a person has low blood pressure, their their venous return must be low.
What is PERIPHERAL BLOOD RESISTANCE?
resistance of arteries to blood flow
State 3 factors affecting peripheral blood resistance.
- Pharmacological agents/Drugs
- Blood viscocity
- Activity of PNS (sympathetic and parasympathetic activity); sympathetic activity causes both vasoconstriction
List 5 signs of dehydration.
- Dry mucous membranes
- Reduced skin turgor
- Increase capillary refill time (it if takes more than 3-4 seconds to fill nail bed)
- Increased thirst
- Altered level of consciousness