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Level 3 Biology > Intraspecific relationships > Flashcards

Intraspecific relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

Agonistic behaviour

A
  • Any social behaviour related to fighting or aggression
  • ritualised behaviour
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2
Q

Adaptive advantages of agonistic behaviour

A
  • ritualised fighting doesn’t kill other members of the group
  • fighting to determine hierarchy or territory
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3
Q

Reasons for ritualised aggression

A
  • doesn’t use as much energy
  • avoids serious damaging consequences
  • less waste of time
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4
Q

Dominant communication

A
  • posture (bigger, fluffed up, upright)
  • vocalisation
  • violence
  • threat displays
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5
Q

Submission communication

A
  • posture (making yourself look smaller, lowering head and eyes, tail tucked)
  • vocalisation (whimpering, crying)
  • Displays (running away)
  • Grooming
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6
Q

Home range

A
  • an area that an animal moves around to collect resources or travel across
  • not defended
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7
Q

Territory

A
  • an area of home range that is defended and marked
  • strongest attacks here normally members of the same species fighting for best territorial spot
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8
Q

AA of territory

A
  • reduces direct competition so sufficient food, space and resources
  • area is familiar site, protected for young
  • spreads out, reduces aggression + disease
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9
Q

AA of home range

A
  • no need to expend energy defending it
  • familiar area for food etc
  • less competition as although shared, not many others
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10
Q

Marking and defending territories

A
  • singing (birds) + calls
  • urine or faeces
  • special scent glands which usually rub on landmarks
  • waving body parts
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11
Q

Hierarchy

A

A ranked order of individuals in a group where dominance allows privileged access to food, shelter, mates

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12
Q

Pecking order

A

Linear order of dominance

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13
Q

Benefits of dominant hierarchy

A
  • Limits aggression as individuals only challenging those above them
  • a division of labour ie. roles
  • most dominant often the fittest are leaders and decision makes, and good genes get passed on as dominance more likely to attract a mate
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14
Q

Courtship

A

Behaviour between individuals that results in mating

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15
Q

Aims of courtship

A
  • Reduce conflict
  • Attract mate
  • Assessing receptivity of a mate
  • Defending chosen mates against other suitors
  • Assessing ‘fitness’
  • Species recognition
  • Trigger to nest building or ovulation
  • Strenghten pair bond
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16
Q

Pair bond

A

Stable relationship that ensures cooperative behaviour

17
Q

Mating systems

A

The ways in which individuals bond during courtship and mating

18
Q

Polygyny

A

one male several females

19
Q

Polyandry

A

one female several males

20
Q

Polygynandry

A

several females several males

21
Q

Monogamy

A

breeding pair that forms a partnership for season/life

22
Q

Oviparity

A

embryo develops outside of body ie. egg laying

23
Q

Viviparity

A

embryo develops inside of body

24
Q

Methods of parental care

A

R-strategy and k-strategy

25
Q

R-strategy

A

Animals that have little or no parental care
- Low survivorship
- High energy investment before birth
- Produce large numbers of offspring
- Low reproductive effort per offspring
- Effort is directed at producing, not caring

26
Q

K-strategy

A

Animals that have parental care
- High survivorship
- High energy investment after birth
- Produce few offspring
- High reproductive effort per offspring
- Effort is directed at caring

27
Q

AA of R-strategy

A
  • Less time expenditure
  • Less danger protecting offspring
  • Time feeding self rather than offspring
28
Q

AA of K-strategy

A
  • Fewer gamete produced and fewer offspring need to be born
  • High chance of survival
  • Opportunity for offspring to learn skills
29
Q

Kin selection

A

Strategies in evolution that favour the reproductive success of an organism’s relatives ie. parents being sacrificial to ensure the survival of offspring

30
Q

Kin selection AA

A
  • Protect, feed members of group
  • Ensures some of own genes get passed on
  • A reason for altruistic behaviour
31
Q

Cooperative breeding

A

Related, non-breeding adults assist in raising the young

32
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

The distinct difference in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal in addition to the sexual organs themselves.

33
Q

Polygyny AA

A
  • Selection of fittest males with best genes
  • More genes of fittest male in next generation
34
Q

Key AA- MECPENG

A

Increasing genetic diversity
Getting energy or nutrients
Decreasing competition for resources
Gaining protection from predators/environment
Exploiting a resource others can’t
Saving energy
Guaranteed mate selection

35
Q

AA of pair bond

A

Less energy required to care for young as shared effort
Provides young best chance of survival as parents can give more care (K-strategy)

36
Q
A

Level 3 Biology (8 decks)

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