Interspecific relationships

Question 1

Mutualism

Answer 1

When both species benefit from a relationship
++

Question 2

Commensalism

Answer 2

When one species benefits and the other is not affected
+o

Question 3

Antibiosis

Answer 3

When one species has a harmful effect on another species, but itself is not affected
o-

Question 4

Exploitation

Answer 4

When one species benefits and the other is harmed
+-

Question 5

Grazing/herbivory

Answer 5

Plants are affected by being eaten by organisms
(exploitation)

Question 6

Predation

Answer 6

Predators eating other animals (exploitation)

Question 7

Parasitism

Answer 7

Parasite causes harm to the host (exploitation)

Question 8

Allelopathy

Answer 8

Plants secreting poisonous substances into the soil to kill other plants or stopping other plants growth (exploitation)

Question 9

Competition

Answer 9

When both species are harmed
- -

Question 10

Reasons for competition

Answer 10

Food, water, space and breeding sites

Question 11

How is competition reduced

Answer 11

By more differences between their ecological niches

Question 12

Mutualism example

Answer 12

Bees pollinating apple tree flowers

Question 13

Commensalism example

Answer 13

Rata vine growing up a beech tree

Question 14

Antibiosis example

Answer 14

Humans polluting water with sewage, which cows drink

Question 15

Grazing/herbivory example

Answer 15

Caterpillar eating lettuce leaves

Question 16

Predation example

Answer 16

Lions + gazelles

Question 17

Parasitism example

Answer 17

Mosquitoes transmitting chemicals, causing malaria in humans

Question 18

Allelopathy example

Answer 18

Walnut leaves inhibiting plants growing under tree

Question 19

Competition example

Answer 19

Godwits and stilts competing for food on estuary

Question 20

Gause’s principle of Competitive Exclusion

Answer 20

When two species have exactly the same ecological niche, they will not be able to co-exist

Question 21

Ecological succession

Answer 21

• observed process over a change in the species structure over time
• driven by competition

Question 22

Zonation

Answer 22

The natural layering of ecosystems that occur at different environmental gradients