Cultural evolution

Question 1

Ardipithecus ramidus

Answer 1

• 4.5-4 mya
• Earliest known bipedal - Lucy

Question 2

Australopithecus afarensis

Answer 2

• 4-3 mya
• Sexually dimorphic
• Face and cranium ape like
• Post cranial skeleton humanlike

Question 3

Homo habilis

Answer 3

• 2.4-1.4 mya
• Habitat = climate change when forests and waterways began to become replaced by savannahs
• Use of Oldowan tool

Question 4

Homo erectus

Answer 4

• 1.8-0.3 mya
• Habitat = the first hominin to migrate out of Africa
• First use of fire
• Acheulian tool culture
• Big game hunter gatherers
• Shelter and clothing

Question 5

Homo floresiensis

Answer 5

• 0.1-0.013 mya
• Habitat = Island of flores, thought to have evolved from early Erectus and adjusted to forested climate
• Fire
• Acheulian tools

Question 6

Homo heidelbergensis

Answer 6

• 0.6-0.2 mya
• Europe, Asia and Africa
• Acheulian Tools
• Fire

Question 7

Homo neanderthals

Answer 7

• 0.4-0.04mya
• Europe and Asia
• Cold-adjusted climate meant for bodies that were robust and heavy
• Mousterian Tools
• Robust

Question 8

Homo sapiens

Answer 8

• Evolved in Africa now worldwide
• Upper palaeolithic tool culture
• 10,000 years ago agriculture

Question 9

Acheulian tool culture

Answer 9

approx 50 blows to make
Bi-face teardrop shape
Used for heavy-duty, butchering large mammals, processing bones for marrow

Question 10

Oldowan tool culture

Answer 10

6 blows on a river pebble from another stone to make a single pointy face
Used for scavenging and accessing more nutrients

Question 11

Mousterian tool culture

Answer 11

Based on modified stone flakes, flint is commonly used to make the tools more refined
approx 150 blows to make
Could punch holes in animal skins for clothes and rope
Use of fire helped shape these tools

Question 12

Upper Paleolithic tool culture

Answer 12

Precise and composite tools
Require approx 250 blows to make
Increased range of uses and require good techniques to make

Question 13

Neolithic period

Answer 13

Associated with the beginnings of agriculture
- this required specialist tools and the development of plant and animal breeding techniques
Hunter gathering -> domestication = surplus of food/settlement + more time for sharing and learning ideas
An increased pace of cultural evolution!

Question 14

Advantages of agriculture

Answer 14

• Growing food close to home
• Select crops and animals that provide the best food for energy and storage
• Use selective breeding to increase quality
• Domesticated animals = food all year round
• Development of economic activities
• Division of labour
• Pop increase

Question 15

Disadvantages of agriculture

Answer 15

• Poor health than hunter-gatherers as reliance on high carbs
• Labour intensive for crops grown
• Crop fails due to weather/disease = starvation
• Mono culture needing to trade food to get balanced diet

Question 16

Cultural evolution definition

Answer 16

The changes in thoughts and ideas by the transmission of knowledge over time, not passed on my genetics but learned.

Question 17

Agriculture

Answer 17

Domestication of animals and the planting of plants as crops for food and increased productivity