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Pathophysiology Section 1 > Intracellular Functions and Disorders > Flashcards

Intracellular Functions and Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

CELLULAR-LEVEL FUNCTION ALTERATIONS

A

Many disorders and diseases processes are caused by cellular-level disruption that eventually leads to a decrease in ATP production. The metabolic pathway is disrupted leading to sever disruption of homeostasis and negative feedback loops trying to compensate for these deficiencies

Include: hypoxia, nutritional problems (decreased glucose and vitamin availability), changes in balance of electrolytes and other solutes (acid/base imbalance), and changes in fluid distribution

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2
Q

HYPOXIA

A

Decrease in amount of oxygen to cells or the ability to use oxygen appropriately.

Since there are more anaerobic conditions than aerobic conditions, glycolysis is “recycled through” over and over instead of continuing down the metabolic pathway. This leads to the production of 2 glucose molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose, but also multiple molecules of pyruvic acid accumulate, resulting in acidosis

Sequale:

  1. Deficiency of ATP for cellular functions: Na/K pumps of each cell cannot maintain normal electrical cell membrane status and impulses will be disrupted
  2. Altered acid/base balance: especially acidosis from reliance on gluconeogensis can tip the body’s pH out of its normal window
  3. damage and death to tissues
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3
Q

AEROBIC / ANAEROBIC

A

Aerobic - oxygen is present (normal situation)

Anaerobic - low or absent oxygen

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4
Q

GLUCOSE

A

A simple sugar formed from carbohydrates, used for energy in the body

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5
Q

GLYCOGEN

A

A store of carbohydrates, made of polysaccharides of glucose. Usually stored in the liver for future energy needs when there isn’t a cellular need for energy

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6
Q

GLYCOGENESIS

A

The formation of glycogen from sugars (glucose)

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7
Q

HYPOGLYCEMIA

A

Low blood sugar

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8
Q

COUNTERREGULATORY HORMONES

A

Hormones produced in a state of hypoglycemia that cause common reactions when hungry.
Epinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone, glucagon

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9
Q

GLYCOGENOLYSIS

A

Conversion of stored glycogen to glucose stimulated by counterregulatory hormones

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10
Q

GLUCONEOGENESIS

A

The breakdown of fats and proteins, and use of any other substance besides carbohydrates for cellular energy. Last resort if glycogenolysis is exhausted

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11
Q

KETONE

A

A breakdown product of fats and proteins.

Good source of energy if glucose is not available.
Bad because they are acids and too much can lead to acidosis (ketoacidosis)

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12
Q

TYPE I DIABETES

A

Gluconeogensis becomes the primary source of energy and sustained, the patient’s body cannot make insulin, depends on ketones

Hyperketonemia occurs from ketone over-accumulation

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13
Q

HYPERKETONEMIA

A 
Blood tests show high serum ketones
Blood test showing LOW (<7.35) blood pH - ketoacidosis
Urine test shows ketonuira (ketones spill into urine)
Acetone breath (acetone secretions from the lungs)
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14
Q

VITAMINS/MINERALS

A

Necessary to maximize the creation of ATP, needed in small amounts.
Metabolic pathway utilizes niacin (B3), thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), iron (Fe).

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15
Q

IRON DEFICIENCY

A

May develop iron-deficiency anemia, low ATP, low oxygenation, weakness, fatigue, SOB

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16
Q

BERIBERI

A

Thiamine deficiency, includes neuro associated problems. B1 is essential in properly functioning neurological cells

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17
Q

WERNICKE-KORSAKOFF SYNDROME

A

Classically associated with alcoholism
Manifestations include: memory loss, axtaxia (staggering, uncoordinated gait), and paresthesia (numbness, tingling, other unusual sensations) in the legs.

18
Q

POISONS (CYANIDE)

A

Cyanide toxicity includes headache, agitation, confusion, vomiting, respiratory problems, and even death.

Inhibits cytochrome oxidase

19
Q

PROTEINS

A

In the plasma as albumin and lipoproteins

Most abundant intracellular anions, help with electrical balance across the cell membrane

20
Q

SODIUM

A

Electrolyte (Na+)
Most abundant cation in extracellular fluids
Drives water movement
Travels in the blood as sodium chloride (NaCl)

21
Q

CHLORIDE

A

Electrolyte (Cl-)

Easily forms bonds and travel the bloodstream as sodium chloride (NaCl)

22
Q

POTASSIUM

A

Electrolyte (K+)
Main cation in the intracellular fluid
Helps balance sodium (Na+) - pumps out 3 Na ions for every 2 K ions that come into the cell

23
Q

CALCIUM

A

Electrolyte (Ca+)
Important part of muscle contraction.
Used for blood clotting, bone growth, and maintenance

24
Q

PHOSPHORUS

A

Electrolyte - phosphate (PO4-)
Main intracellular anion
Balances Ca+, generally when one is high the other is low

25
Q

ACID/BASE BALANCE MOLECULES

A

Acids: Hydrogen (H+), carbon dioxide (CO2)

Base: Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

26
Q

NORMAL CELL ELECTRICAL FUNCTION

A

Resting membrane potential = -90mv

Normal depolarization point = +30mv

27
Q

ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE

A

Occurs when there is an imbalance of solute composition in either blood or tissue. This leads to diffusion of solute particles into the next compartment (domino effect). Blood (plasma compartment)–> tissue (interstitial fluid/cells)

28
Q

HYPERKALEMIA

A

Higher than normal potassium (K)
More cations from blood will diffuse into cells - hypopolarization
The cell is more sensitive, cell will go to work quicker

29
Q

HYPERNATREMIA

A

Higher than normal sodium (Na)
More cations from blood will diffuse into cells - hypopolarization
The cell is more sensitive, cell will go to work quicker

30
Q

HYPERCALCEMIA

A

Higher than normal calcium (Ca)

Triggers a decrease in permeability of cell membranes to sodium, so less sodium is allowed into cell - hyerpolarization

31
Q

HYPOPOLARIZATION

A

The resetting of the cells’ resting membrane potential (-90mv) to a MORE positive number (increased positivity, decreased negativity, more cations) than normal, will shorten the polar gap status

Hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, hypocalcemia

Muscles contract with smaller than normal stimulation resulting in muscle tics or spasms. (positive Chvostek’s sign), and can lead to severe or unrelenting spasms (tetany)

32
Q

HYPERPOLARIZATION

A

The resetting of the cells’ resting membrane potential (-90mv) to a LESS positive number (decreased positivity, increased negativity, less cations) it will lengthen the polar gap status

Hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypercalcemia

Muscles are less sensitive and contract more slowly. Patients experience fatigue, lethargy, and mental slowness

33
Q

HYPOKALEMIA

A

Lower than normal potassium (K)
Cations will diffuse from cells into blood - hyperpolarization
The cell is more sensitive, cell will go take longer to go to work, move slowly

34
Q

HYPONATREMIA

A

Lower than normal sodium (Na)
Cations will diffuse from cells into blood - hyperpolarization
The cell is more sensitive, cell will go take longer to go to work, move slowly

35
Q

HYPOCALCEMIA

A

Lower than normal calcium (Ca)

Triggers an increase in permeability of cell membranes to sodium, so more sodium is allowed into cell - hypopolarization

36
Q

ABGs - ATERIAL BLOOD GASES

A 
These are the normal limits of human blood gases:
pH (acidity): 7.35 - 7.45
HCO3 (bicarbonate): 22 - 26
pCO2 (partial pressure CO2): 35 - 45
pO2 (partial pressure O2): 80 - 100
saO2 (O2 saturation): 97% - 100%
37
Q

ACIDOSIS

A

A state of greater-than-usual concentration of acidic substances in the blood and cells

Too much CO2 or H+, not enough HCO3
Blood pH is < 7.35

38
Q

ALKALOSIS

A

A state of less-than-usual concentration of acidic substances in the blood and cells, more alkaline

Not enough C02 or H+, too much HCO3
Blood pH is > 7.45

39
Q

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

A

Acid/base imbalance usually in the kidneys. Caused by by a metabolic problem that results in:

a. excess accumulation of H+, and other acids
b. not enough excretion of H+ in the urine
c. not enough HCO3 being made
d. too much HCO3 excreted in the urine
e. LOW pH, and LOW HCO3

40
Q

RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS

A

State of low pH caused by a ventilation problem in lungs, such as diminished effectiveness of breathing or decreased respiratory rate. Results in:
a. retention of CO2 (accumulation of acid)

41
Q

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

A

A metabolic problem that results in one or more of the following:

a. excess accumulation of HCO3
b. not enough excretion of HCO3 in the urine
c. too much acid (H+ and others) being excreted in the urine, or metabolism
d. not enough acid being made
e. HIGH pH / HIGH HCO3

42
Q

RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS

A

State of high pH caused by hyperventilation (increased rate of breathing) - leads to blowing off more CO2. With less CO2 in blood, more alkaline.

Pathophysiology Section 1 (6 decks)

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