Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology Section 1 > Altered Tissue and Cellular Proliferation > Flashcards

Altered Tissue and Cellular Proliferation Flashcards

1
Q

DIFFERENTIATION

A

Organization or specialization of different cell types, programmed by their genetic makeup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ERYTHROPOIETIN

A

Hormone made by the kidneys, helps in stimulating growth and development of red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

APOPTOSIS

A

A form of “programmed” normal death of a cell. The body creates and kills 10 billion new cells daily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

NECROSIS

A

Abnormal cell death, when a cell is injured and reaches the “irreversible” point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CELLULAR INJURY

A

A continuum in which cellular homeostasis is affected to a varying degree

Injury to cell –> metabolic pathway disrupted –> cell has less ATP –> malfunction of Na/K pump on cellular membrane –> Na enters cell freely while K goes out –> water follow Na into cell –> cell swells and cell membrane loses integrity leading to leakage of intracellular substances –> cell swells, endoplasmic reticulum dilates –> ribosomes detach –> disrupted protein synthesis –> abnormal functions or death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

INTRACELLULAR SUBSTANCE SERUMS

A

Any of these intracellular substances found in blood, from cell leakage, can be diagnosed with serum measurement

Creatine kinase (CK) - enzyme found in most muscle cells, catalyzes transference of phosphate groups between ADP and ATP

Myoglobin - found in most muscle cells

Troponin - a protein molecule only found in heart muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ISCHEMIA

A

Oxygen deprivation to cells due to decrease in arterial circulation to the area - narrowed and/or blocked arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ACUTE ISCHEMIA

A

Hypoxia to tissues from sudden lack of blood supply.

Example:
Aterial embolous - clot that travels in the arteries until it gets lodged in arteriole or capillary
Sickle cell crisis: sickle cell RBCs get stuck in capillaries and decreases blood supply to joints (ischemic pain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

CHRONIC ISCHEMIA

A

Better tolerated issue, as tissues adapt to some degree overtime. Gradual hypoxia to tissues

Example:
Atherosclerosis - gradual narrowing of arteries
Thrombus - slow developing clot in leg artery or coronary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

INFARCTION

A

Ischemic situation, acute or chronic, left untreated, that leads to necrosis that is specifically caused by lack of arterial blood supply to an area

Example:
Myocardial infarction = coronary artery clogged with clot –> ischemia to tissues distal to clot –> anoxia –> infarct of distal tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DECUBITUS ULCER

A

Pressure ulcer, or stasis ulcer.

Unrelieved pressure on skin due to immobility –> skin capillaries prevented from receiving oxygenated blood –> tissue injury and breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING

A

CO has a high affinity for hemoglobin (Hgb), about 3000 times more so than oxygen, making it bind to the hemoglobin forming carboxyhemoglobin (HgCO) –> HgCO prevents oxygen from binding to hemoglobin leading to hypoxic cell damage.

S&S = relative to nervous system, headache, giddiness, confusion, seizures, coma.

Treated by 100% oxygen mask and/or hyperbaric chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

FATTY LIVER

A

Abnormal cellular accumulation of lipids from diseases such as alocholism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

GOUT

A

Systemic disease caused by buildup of uric acids in the blood (hyperuricemia)

Uric acid crystals (breakdown product of purine) accumulate and settle in joints, causing inflammation, swelling, and pain - generally in first metatarsal joint of big toe or in the ankle joint.

Treated with medications plus a diet low in food that is high in purines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

FREE RADICALS

A

Separate molecular “species” that are a product of abnormal, accelerated, or uncontrolled reactions. Generally redox reactions

Caused by:
simple aging, environmental pollutants, drug and alcohol abuse, radiation damage, foods high in preservatives and charred meat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

FREE RADICAL SYMPTOMS

A

Lipid peroxidation - reaction with lipids creating leaky cells

Attacking transmembrane proteins needed for ion pumps

Altered protein synthesis in DNA causes gene mutations

Damaged mitochondria leads to alterations in metabolism

Treatment:
Vitamins C and E
Specialized enzymes - superoxide dismutase

17
Q

CELL PROLIFERATION

A

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the rapid expansion of a cell population.
Example: hematopoietic system (birthplace of blood cells) is chiefly located in the bone marrow

18
Q

BENIGN NEOPLASM

A

An abnormal mass of tissue that is not medically considered cancer

Slower growth than malignant cells
Area of growth well-encapsulated, non-metastasizing
Fairly well-differentiated cells, usually resemble the tissue they arose from

Example: lipoma - encapsulated area of fat cells that have undergone overgrowth

19
Q

MALIGNANT NEOPLASM

A

An abnormal mass of tissue that is cancerous

Very rapid growth rate of cells
Poorly differentiated
Can occur in specific sites or metastasis can occur

20
Q

METASTISIS

A

Refers to propensity of malignant cells to invade sites distant to immediate area. Major cause of illness and death resulting from most human malignant diseases

21
Q

CANCER ETIOLOGIES

A

Basic etiology is gene mutations prompted by a variety of factors, including :

Normal aging/wear and tear of cells
Heredity
Environmental factors from free radicals and carcinogens (tobacco, alcohol, drugs, nitrates in preservatives, air pollution, sunlight, ionizing radiation)
Invading organisms/viruses (human papillomavirus increases cervical, mouth, and throat cancer, hepatitis B and C increase risk of liver cancer)

22
Q

ANAPLASIA

A

Poor differentiation or loss of differentiation

23
Q

ONCOGENE

A

The genetic mutation that sets cancer into motion

24
Q

CLONAL PROLIFERATION

A

A rapid increase in growth and development

25
Q

ANGIOGENSIS

A

Development of new blood vessels

26
Q

CANCER GENESIS MECHANISMS

A

The oncogene promotes clonal proliferation - stimulating cells to overreact to growth factor signals, causing rapid duplication but very little differentiation, causing anaplasia

Normal “stop” signals are overridden, causing stimulation and development of tumor cells very own blood supply

27
Q

TUMOR MARKERS

A

Substances in the body produced by cancer cells and released by cancer-damaged tissues. Found in blood, spinal fluid, and urine (hormones, enzymes, antigens, antibodies, genes

28
Q

GENETIC MARKERS

A

Genetic abnormalities that are found in some people that predict the odds of having certain types of cancer

29
Q

CANCER DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

A

CAT scans (computed axial tomography), MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging), biopsies, tumor/genetic markers

30
Q

LEUKOCYTOSIS

A

Generic term meaning the condition of too many WBCs in the blood

31
Q

CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA

A

Develops due to translocation of pieces of chromosome. This chromosome is shortened and squashed (Philadelphia chromosome) at site on chromosome that codes for creation of white blood cells (leukocytes)

Overproduction of leukocytes in the bone marrow, released into the blood, extreme leukocytosis causing leukemia.

Philadelphia chromosomes are found in white blood cells

32
Q

CANCER STAGING

A

TNM staging is one of many examples and ways to stage
T= size of tumor (T0 = no cancer cells, T1-T3 cancerous tumor size)
N= extent of lymph node involvement (N0 = no lymph node involvement, N1-N3 nodes involved)
M= metastasis (M0 = no metastasis, M1-M3 metastasis present)

33
Q

CLASSIFICATION/NAMING OF TUMORS

A

Benign tumors:
First part of name is the tissue involved, usually ends in suffix “-oma”

Malignancies:
Named by cell type of origin, then root word, then suffix “-oma”
Epithelial tissue: carcinoma (surface - carcinoma, gladular - adenocarcinoma)
Connective tissue: bone - osteosarcoma, cartilage - chondrosarcoma, blood vessels - hemangiosarcoma
Muscle tissue: smooth - leiomyosarcoma, striated - rhabdomyosarcoma
Neural tisse: blastoma, neuroblastoma
Lymph nodes: lymphoma
Skin: melanoma

34
Q

CANCER S&S

A 
Pain: inflammation and nerve irritation 
Fatigue: angiogenesis of tumor cells leeches nutrition from normal cells during blood diversion
Cachexia 
Anemia
Leukopenia
Thrombocytopenia
35
Q

CACHEXIA

A

Syndrome that includes anorexia, early satiety, weight loss, weakness, and altered cellular metabolism.
Malnourishment
Sunken features

Pathophysiology Section 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions