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cell bio part 2 > Intracellular Compartments and Protein Transport > Flashcards

Intracellular Compartments and Protein Transport Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eukaryotic cells have a general set of what?

A

Organelles

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2
Q

Internal membranes create what within a cell

A

Compartments

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3
Q

Most organelles are part of what system

A

The endomembrane system

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4
Q

Are mitochondria and chloroplasts part of the endomembrane system?

A

No they are not

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5
Q

Different compartments are home to different processes that need different what?

A

Proteins

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6
Q

Where does all protein translation initiate

A

In the cytosol

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7
Q

Proteins that are destined for an organelle will have what in the AA sequence

A

Sorting signal

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8
Q

Signals maybe be altered, what happens when this takes place?

A

A protein enters a different organelle

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9
Q

To enter an organelle, proteins must cross what?

A

A membrane

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10
Q

Proteins destined for the nucleus use what

A

Nuclear pores

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11
Q

Other organelles have what in their membranes

A

Protein translocators

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12
Q

Some proteins move from one organelle to another by what?

A

Vesicles

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13
Q

Nuclei have what type of membrane structure

A

Double membrane structure

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14
Q

Signal sequences in polypeptides bind what in the cytoplasm following translation

A

Nuclear import receptors

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15
Q

Nuclear import receptors guide proteins where?

A

Nuclear pores

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16
Q

G-protein superfamily members bind to what

A

GTP or GDP

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17
Q

When GTP is bound, is it active or inactive

A

Active!

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18
Q

GAP

A

GTPase activation of G-protein, turning off the G-protein

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19
Q

GEF

A

Exchange factor, swaps for GDP, activating the G-protein

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20
Q

Receptores on a membrane of the other organelles recognize what in a polypeptide

A

A signal sequence

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21
Q

The polypeptides are unfolded to pass through the membrane proteins by what?

A

By recognition of the sorting signal

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22
Q

The signal is cleaved upon entrance and then what happens

A

Chaperone proteins refold the polypeptides

23
Q

All mRNA associate with what in the cytosol

A

Ribosomes

24
Q

If an ER signal sequence is synthesized, where does the ribosome go

A

The ribosome moves to the ER membrane

25
Q

The final polypeptide moves into the ER through what

A

A protein translocator

26
Q

Many proteins enter what as they are translated?

A

The ER

27
Q

Translation initiates where

A

The cytoplasm

28
Q

Translation of the sorting signal causes what

A

The polypeptide and ribosome to associate with the ER

29
Q

What does the protein do during protein transfer

A

The protein may stay in the ER or get exported to other sites within the cell

30
Q

Water soluble proteins pass where

A

To the ER lumen

31
Q

Transmembrane protein embedded where

A

In the ER membrane

32
Q

Is the ER the final destination for most proteins?

A

No

33
Q

The ER produces transport vesicles to transfer many proteins to the golgi for what

A

For final processing

34
Q

From the golgi, transport vesicles are distributed where?

A

To other parts of the cell

35
Q

ER is a major site of folding for complex proteins which require what

A

Chaperones to aid their final confromation

36
Q

Unfolded protein response can trigger what

A

Growth of the ER to improve folding if quality of folding declines

37
Q

What can be triggered is UPR persists

A

Apoptosis

38
Q

Vesicular transport relies on what

A

Membrane budding and membrane fusion

39
Q

Membrane fusion requires what

A

V-SNARES, T-
SNARES, Rab, & Tethering
proteins

40
Q

Specialized proteins in vesicle
membranes determine what

A

the destination through binding
to the correct structure

41
Q

Vesicles bud from the ER and travel where?

A

to the cis-Golgi apparatus (the side of the Golgi towards the ER)

42
Q

Golgi enzymes further modify the proteins by
adding what?

A

CHOs or other chemical groups

43
Q

The materials pass through the
Golgi until they reach what conformation

A

the trans-Golgi apparatus (the side away
from the ER)

44
Q

The mature products are
packaged into what?

A

vesicles and transported to their final
destination

45
Q

Substances leaving by fusion to
the plasma membrane =

A

exocytosis

46
Q

Clathrin-coated vesicles interact with dynamin to more readily pinch what

A

vesicular membrane from its parent

47
Q

Endocytosis

A

Allows cells to import large molecules using vesicles called endosomes

48
Q

Bring in water and dissolved substances =

A

pinocytosis

49
Q

Bring in food or other non-dissolved substances =

A

phagocytosis  produces a specialized endosome called a phagosome

50
Q

Phagosomes fuse with lysosomes and produce what

A

a harsh environment
* Acidification
* Oxidation
* Digestive enzymes

51
Q

Even without fusion to lysosomes, association with H+ pumps can create what?

A

pH-dependent effects on vesicle contents
* May still help destroy dangerous contents
* Can also be exploited by viruses

52
Q

Cellular Digestion

A

Endocytic pathways allow cells to degrade large structures or shut off signalling

53
Q

Endocytic pathways lead to what

A

Dysfunctional organelles
* Bacteria
* Membrane proteins which need deactivation
* Removal of attached ligands @ PM

cell bio part 2 (9 decks)

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