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cell bio part 2 > How cells obtain energy from food > Flashcards

How cells obtain energy from food Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Many organisms acquire energy from organic molecules using what?

A

Cellular respiration

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2
Q

Chemical bonds in organic compounds are what?

A

Broken down

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3
Q

What is released energy used for

A

Used to do cellular work or create energy storage molecules (like ATP)

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4
Q

What are the two ways cellular respiration can be done

A

Aerobically (requires 02) or anaerobically (does not require 02)

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5
Q

Is fermentation a type of respiration?

A

No it is not

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6
Q

Burning glucose releases what?

A

Releases free energy

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7
Q

Fire results from what type of reaction

A

Oxidation reaction

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8
Q

Much energy is lost as what

A

Heat and light

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9
Q

Most organisms cannot sustain temperatures associated with what

A

Burning

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10
Q

Glucose is reacted with what

A

O2 (co2 and water vapor are also released)

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11
Q

Reaction equation of energy in glucose

A

Glucose + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + Energy

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12
Q

How does oxidation release energy

A

in small bursts of energy and with tolerable heat loss temperatures

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13
Q

Rather than energy being lost as just heat/light, the cell can capture/convert how much of the energy

A

About half of the energy

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14
Q

Energy capture/conversion for storage requires what

A

activated carriers (ADP + Pi -> ATP)

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15
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The process that breaks down large compounds to produce energy-containing compounds in a cell

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16
Q

Energy from food is released and then what

A

Captured by cells

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17
Q

Large food =

A

simple subunits

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18
Q

simple subunits lead to what

A

acetyl-CoA leads to oxidation of acetyl-CoA

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19
Q

Digestion takes large food molecules and does what with them

A

enzymatically digests them into smaller subunits

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20
Q

Proteins =

A

amino acids

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21
Q

Polysaccarides =

A

sugars

22
Q

lipids =

A

fatty acids and glycerol

23
Q

DNA / RNA polymers =

A

Nucleotides

24
Q

What is the next step for the subunits

A

Oxidized by cellular respiration

25
Q

First step of cellular respiration

A

A glycolytic cycle (glycolysis) creates pyruvate from carbohydrates (lipids and amino acids do not go through this)

26
Q

2nd step of cellular respiration

A

The pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle (CAC)

27
Q

3 step of cellular respiration

A

Oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) uses electron transport as an energy source to create large amounts of ATP

28
Q

Where does “sugar splitting” happen

A

The cytosol of cells

29
Q

A glucose molecule (6 carbons) is split into what

A

Split into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules (no carbon is lost)

30
Q

What is created in glycolysis

A

NADH and ATP

31
Q

How much ATP is needed for a glycolysis reaction

A

2 ATP, need to spend 2 ATP to make 4 ATP which is a net gain of 2 ATP

32
Q

Initial energy input of glycolysis

A

2 ATP

33
Q

Carbon structure is split into what

A

2 3-carbon structures

34
Q

How many NADH and ATP are created

A

2 NADH and 4 ATP

35
Q

What is the end product of glycolysis

A

Two pyruvates that are further oxidized

36
Q

Pyruvate is converted into what and how

A

Acetyl-CoA by using the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

37
Q

Acetyl-CoA can also be produced from what

A

Lipid and amino acid catabolism

38
Q

Conversion of pyruvate, fats, and amino acids to acetyl-CoA occurs where?

A

The mitochondrial matrix

39
Q

The citric acid cycle oxidizes what

A

The acetyl-CoA to generate additional activated carriers

40
Q

One turn of CAC for each acetyl-CoA leads to what

A
  • many activated carriers produced
  • One triphosphate produced (GTP)
  • All carbon from glucose is lost as CO2
41
Q

NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC) which is the first step of what

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

42
Q

Where does Oxidative phosphorylation occur

A

Occurs in a membrane (mitochondrial membrane for eukaryotes; plasma membrane for aerobic prokaryotes)

43
Q

ETC is a set of reactions that release what

A

Small bursts of energy the cell can use

44
Q

Ultimately, what is produced as a result

A

Much ATP

45
Q

Intermediates in glycolysis and CAC are used to build what

A

Macromolecules (amino acids, lipids, sugars, nucleotides)

46
Q

Intermediates in glycolysis are siphoned off where

A

To anabolic pathways

47
Q

Fermentation makes ATP in the absence of what

A

Oxygen

48
Q

Many species ferment, but many produce different what

A

End products

49
Q

Fermentation offers limited oxidation of glucose so what is a result

A

Fewer ATP produced

50
Q

If sugar is fermented, do the steps of CAC and oxphos occur?

A

No they do not occur

51
Q

What is the only thing produced from glycolysis

A

ATP

cell bio part 2 (9 decks)

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