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cell bio part 2 > Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts > Flashcards

Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Flashcards

1
Q

History of Chemiosmosis

A

-3 billion years old
-Evolved in ancient prokaryotic cells
-Occurs in modern bacteria and archaea
-Occurs in modern eukaryotes

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2
Q

Chemiosmosis occurs in eukaryotes due to what

A

Endosymbiosis

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3
Q

Chemiosmosis in Eukaryotes occurs and does what

A

-Mitochondria reproduce and grow like bacteria
-similar proteins and RNA sequences as in bacteria
-circular genomes like bacteria
-Double membrane structure

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4
Q

CAC and Oxphos occur in the mitochondria and have unlikely what

A

Unlikely higher life would have evolved without these organelles

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5
Q

What do mitochondrial numbers in a cell depend on

A

The cell type

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6
Q

Higher energy cells contain more what

A

Mitochondria

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7
Q

How many membranes do mitochondria have and what are they

A

Two membranes
- Inner
- Outer

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8
Q

What happens at the mitochondrial matrix

A

Enzymes involved in pyruvate oxidation and CAC

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9
Q

What happens at the mitochondrial inner membrane

A

Site of ETC and ATP synthase; H+ accumulate between the inner and outer membranes

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10
Q

What happens at the mitochondrial intermembrane space

A

Phosphorylation of nucleotides

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11
Q

What are the two components that oxidative phosphorylation requires

A

Electron Transport chain (ETC) and chemiosmosis

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12
Q

Role of mitochondria in cellular respiration

A

-Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
-CAC oxidation of acetyl-CoA

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13
Q

What does cellular respiration describe

A

the production of ATP from organic food sources (aerobic or anaerobic)

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14
Q

What does glycolysis of 6C glucose make

A

2CO2 + 2Acetyl-CoA + 2NADH + 2ATP (net)

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15
Q

Aerobic respiration of glucose can be expressed as an equation

A

C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP)

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16
Q

What does cellular respiration include

A

Includes 1) glycolysis (if using “carbs”), 2) CAC, and 3) OxPhos

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17
Q

Beta-Oxidation of fatty acids provide far more what then sugars for greater ATP production

A

Carbons

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18
Q

In cellular respiration Acetyl-CoA formation skips glycolysis and directly enters

A

Citric acid cycle

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19
Q

What are pyruvate and fatty acids converted into

A

acetyl-CoA

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20
Q

Acetyl-CoA is oxidized during what

A

Citric acid cycle

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21
Q

Activated carriers are created that carry
electrons to the ETC and the ETC leads where

A

The ETC leads to a proton motive force
(PMF)

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22
Q

Many energy conversion events occur where?

A

At a membrane

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23
Q

H+ gradients provide a potential energy

A

proton motive force (PMF)

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24
Q

H+ movement across the membrane
provides what type of energy

A

kinetic energy

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25
Q

The kinetic energy drives processes that create what

A

ATP

26
Q

What provides electrons to an ETC

A

Activated carriers

27
Q

Electron transfer results in what

A

Release of energy (redox reactions)

28
Q

Membrane proteins use the energy to pump what across a membrane

A

H+

29
Q

High-energy electrons move from one complex
to another in the ETC, then finally to what

A

O2 to form H2O

30
Q

Process of Electron transport in the inner membrane

A

High-energy electrons move from one complex
to another in the ETC, then finally to O2 to form
H2O
Energy is released each time an electron pair
moves
* That energy powers H+ pumps
* H+ pumped across

31
Q

The H+ pumped across during electron transport in the inner membrane results in

A

both a proton concentration gradient and an electrochemical gradient which is known as the proton motive force

32
Q

t is energetically favorable for protons
to move back into what

A

The matrix

33
Q

H+ flow back across the
membrane through

A

ATP synthase

34
Q

The kinetic energy of H+
movement turns ATP synthase, what type of bond is formed

A

a high-energy phospho-anhydride bond
forms w/Pi + ADP => ATP

35
Q

1st step of cellular respiration

A

carbon from food is converted to acetyl-CoA

36
Q

2nd step of cellular respiration

A

Acetyl-CoA oxidized in CAC, carbon is released as CO2

37
Q

3rd step of cellular respiration

A

Many activated carriers are created that carry e-

38
Q

4th step of cellular respiration

A

e- movement fuels H+ pumps, and O is the final electron acceptor

39
Q

5th step of cellular respiration

A

A PMF is generated

40
Q

6th step of cellular respiration

A

H+ movement fuels ATP production

41
Q

Not all metabolism is dependent on what

A

Oxygen

42
Q

Energy conversion in living things evolved as what type of process

A

anaerobic

43
Q

Evolution of O2-producing (oxygenic) photosynthesis allowed for what to evolve

A

O2-dependent pathways to evolve (predominantly by photosynthetic bacteria… stromolites)

44
Q

Chloroplast structure is similar to what type of organelle structure

A

mitochondrial structure (multiple membranes)

45
Q

What do chloroplasts do

A

capture sunlight energy and convert it
to chemical energy

46
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Organics + O2  CO2 + H2O + Energy (sunlight)

47
Q

chloroplast structure

A

Stroma contains metabolic enzymes;
analagous to the mitochondrial matrix
* Three membranes are present
* The third membrane surrounds
thylakoids, which contain chlorophyll
* This membrane contains the enzymes
used to convert light energy to chemical
energy

48
Q

Energy from sunlight is used to create ATP and NADPH, which are then consumed to synthesize organic compounds and have two steps which are what

A

1) Light reactions, and 2) The Calvin cycle

49
Q

What happens in light reactions

A
  • The light reactions generate ATP & NADPH
  • These products occur as a result of light-activated
    photosystems that contain chlorophyll
  • Photosystem II produces ATP through generation of a PMF
  • Photosystem I produces NADPH through electron transfer
50
Q

Photosystem II

A

Photosystem II first produces ATP
* Light excites chlorophyll molecules, which excite electrons
* High-energy electrons are transferred to an ETC
* ETC provides energy to proton pumps to generate a PMF
* The PMF fuels ATP synthase, and ATP is made
* The electrons are transferred to plastocyanin

51
Q

Photosystem I

A

Photosystem I produces NADPH
* Electrons from plastocyanin moved to PS1
* Light again excites the chlorophyll, and electrons are energized
* High energy electrons are transferred to ferredoxin
* Ferredoxin transfers electrons to NADP+ to form NADPH

52
Q

What is the electron source for photosystem II

A

Water ( then those electrons move on to photosystem I)

53
Q

What does the removal of electrons (H) from water generate

A

O2

54
Q

What do the electrons fuel

A

ATP production and ultimately end up on NADPH

55
Q

Organics + O2  CO2 + H2O + Energy (sunlight)

A

Photosystems I and II Are the
Light Reactions
* Light, water, and oxygen have been used; CO2 is not
used yet, and organic compounds are not created yet

56
Q

The Calvin Cycle

A

light-independent reactions

57
Q

First step in the Calvin Cycle

A

The first step of the Calvin cycle is carbon fixation
* This CO2 to a 5-C sugar (RuBP) using the enzyme
RUBISCO!!!!!!* The 6-C compound is split to form two molecules of
3-phosphoglycerate (3PG)

58
Q

Second step in Calvin Cycle

A

Sugar formation is the second step
* 3PG is converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
* NADPH and ATP from light reactions are used to perform these reactions
* G3P is used to build various organic compounds and to regenerate RuBP

59
Q

Third step in calvin cycle

A

RuBP regeneration is the third step
* Also requires ATP from light reactions

60
Q

Of the G3P is produced, how many of every six molecules goes towards RuBP regeneration

A

5

61
Q

In building macromolecules, The sixth G3P is used to build macromolecules that are needed for what

A

Cellular structures, energy storage, or used
in cellular respiration to generate additional ATP

62
Q

Chloroplasts and mitochondria work together
in plant cells to supply

A

metabolites & ATP

cell bio part 2 (9 decks)

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