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cell bio part 2 > Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts > Flashcards

Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Flashcards

1
Q

History of Chemiosmosis

A

-3 billion years old
-Evolved in ancient prokaryotic cells
-Occurs in modern bacteria and archaea
-Occurs in modern eukaryotes

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2
Q

Chemiosmosis occurs in eukaryotes due to what

A

Endosymbiosis

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3
Q

Chemiosmosis in Eukaryotes occurs and does what

A

-Mitochondria reproduce and grow like bacteria
-similar proteins and RNA sequences as in bacteria
-circular genomes like bacteria
-Double membrane structure

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4
Q

CAC and Oxphos occur in the mitochondria and have unlikely what

A

Unlikely higher life would have evolved without these organelles

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5
Q

What do mitochondrial numbers in a cell depend on

A

The cell type

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6
Q

Higher energy cells contain more what

A

Mitochondria

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7
Q

How many membranes do mitochondria have and what are they

A

Two membranes
- Inner
- Outer

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8
Q

What happens at the mitochondrial matrix

A

Enzymes involved in pyruvate oxidation and CAC

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9
Q

What happens at the mitochondrial inner membrane

A

Site of ETC and ATP synthase; H+ accumulate between the inner and outer membranes

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10
Q

What happens at the mitochondrial intermembrane space

A

Phosphorylation of nucleotides

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11
Q

What are the two components that oxidative phosphorylation requires

A

Electron Transport chain (ETC) and chemiosmosis

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12
Q

Role of mitochondria in cellular respiration

A

-Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
-CAC oxidation of acetyl-CoA

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13
Q

What does cellular respiration describe

A

the production of ATP from organic food sources (aerobic or anaerobic)

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14
Q

What does glycolysis of 6C glucose make

A

2CO2 + 2Acetyl-CoA + 2NADH + 2ATP (net)

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15
Q

Aerobic respiration of glucose can be expressed as an equation

A

C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP)

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16
Q

What does cellular respiration include

A

Includes 1) glycolysis (if using “carbs”), 2) CAC, and 3) OxPhos

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17
Q

Beta-Oxidation of fatty acids provide far more what then sugars for greater ATP production

A

Carbons

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18
Q

In cellular respiration Acetyl-CoA formation skips glycolysis and directly enters

A

Citric acid cycle

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19
Q

What are pyruvate and fatty acids converted into

A

acetyl-CoA

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20
Q

Acetyl-CoA is oxidized during what

A

Citric acid cycle

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21
Q

Activated carriers are created that carry
electrons to the ETC and the ETC leads where

A

The ETC leads to a proton motive force
(PMF)

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22
Q

Many energy conversion events occur where?

A

At a membrane

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23
Q

H+ gradients provide a potential energy

A

proton motive force (PMF)

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24
Q

H+ movement across the membrane
provides what type of energy

A

kinetic energy

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25
The kinetic energy drives processes that create what
ATP
26
What provides electrons to an ETC
Activated carriers
27
Electron transfer results in what
Release of energy (redox reactions)
28
Membrane proteins use the energy to pump what across a membrane
H+
29
High-energy electrons move from one complex to another in the ETC, then finally to what
O2 to form H2O
30
Process of Electron transport in the inner membrane
High-energy electrons move from one complex to another in the ETC, then finally to O2 to form H2O Energy is released each time an electron pair moves * That energy powers H+ pumps * H+ pumped across
31
The H+ pumped across during electron transport in the inner membrane results in
both a proton concentration gradient and an electrochemical gradient which is known as the proton motive force
32
t is energetically favorable for protons to move back into what
The matrix
33
H+ flow back across the membrane through
ATP synthase
34
The kinetic energy of H+ movement turns ATP synthase, what type of bond is formed
a high-energy phospho-anhydride bond forms w/Pi + ADP => ATP
35
1st step of cellular respiration
carbon from food is converted to acetyl-CoA
36
2nd step of cellular respiration
Acetyl-CoA oxidized in CAC, carbon is released as CO2
37
3rd step of cellular respiration
Many activated carriers are created that carry e-
38
4th step of cellular respiration
e- movement fuels H+ pumps, and O is the final electron acceptor
39
5th step of cellular respiration
A PMF is generated
40
6th step of cellular respiration
H+ movement fuels ATP production
41
Not all metabolism is dependent on what
Oxygen
42
Energy conversion in living things evolved as what type of process
anaerobic
43
Evolution of O2-producing (oxygenic) photosynthesis allowed for what to evolve
O2-dependent pathways to evolve (predominantly by photosynthetic bacteria... stromolites)
44
Chloroplast structure is similar to what type of organelle structure
mitochondrial structure (multiple membranes)
45
What do chloroplasts do
capture sunlight energy and convert it to chemical energy
46
Photosynthesis
Organics + O2  CO2 + H2O + Energy (sunlight)
47
chloroplast structure
Stroma contains metabolic enzymes; analagous to the mitochondrial matrix * Three membranes are present * The third membrane surrounds thylakoids, which contain chlorophyll * This membrane contains the enzymes used to convert light energy to chemical energy
48
Energy from sunlight is used to create ATP and NADPH, which are then consumed to synthesize organic compounds and have two steps which are what
1) Light reactions, and 2) The Calvin cycle
49
What happens in light reactions
* The light reactions generate ATP & NADPH * These products occur as a result of light-activated photosystems that contain chlorophyll * Photosystem II produces ATP through generation of a PMF * Photosystem I produces NADPH through electron transfer
50
Photosystem II
Photosystem II first produces ATP * Light excites chlorophyll molecules, which excite electrons * High-energy electrons are transferred to an ETC * ETC provides energy to proton pumps to generate a PMF * The PMF fuels ATP synthase, and ATP is made * The electrons are transferred to plastocyanin
51
Photosystem I
Photosystem I produces NADPH * Electrons from plastocyanin moved to PS1 * Light again excites the chlorophyll, and electrons are energized * High energy electrons are transferred to ferredoxin * Ferredoxin transfers electrons to NADP+ to form NADPH
52
What is the electron source for photosystem II
Water ( then those electrons move on to photosystem I)
53
What does the removal of electrons (H) from water generate
O2
54
What do the electrons fuel
ATP production and ultimately end up on NADPH
55
Organics + O2  CO2 + H2O + Energy (sunlight)
Photosystems I and II Are the Light Reactions * Light, water, and oxygen have been used; CO2 is not used yet, and organic compounds are not created yet
56
The Calvin Cycle
light-independent reactions
57
First step in the Calvin Cycle
The first step of the Calvin cycle is carbon fixation * This CO2 to a 5-C sugar (RuBP) using the enzyme RUBISCO!!!!!!* The 6-C compound is split to form two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG)
58
Second step in Calvin Cycle
Sugar formation is the second step * 3PG is converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) * NADPH and ATP from light reactions are used to perform these reactions * G3P is used to build various organic compounds and to regenerate RuBP
59
Third step in calvin cycle
RuBP regeneration is the third step * Also requires ATP from light reactions
60
Of the G3P is produced, how many of every six molecules goes towards RuBP regeneration
5
61
In building macromolecules, The sixth G3P is used to build macromolecules that are needed for what
Cellular structures, energy storage, or used in cellular respiration to generate additional ATP
62
Chloroplasts and mitochondria work together in plant cells to supply
metabolites & ATP

cell bio part 2 (9 decks)

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