Intra-EU Migration Flashcards

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1
Q

Where have many people migrated to the UK from

A

Poland

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2
Q

What can people from a country within the EU do

A

Live and work in any other EU country

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3
Q

What happens when a country joins the EU

A

The current members can choose not to allow immigration form the new countries for a few years

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4
Q

What happened in 2004

A

10 countries in central and Eastern Europe became new members of the EU -including Poland

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5
Q

Between 2004 and 2007 how many people migrated to the UK from Poland and what type of migrant were they

A

More than half a million people

Most were economic migrants

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6
Q

Push factors for why people left Poland

A
  1. High unemployment -about 19% in 2004, people of working age left Poland to find work in the UK (economic migrants)
  2. Low average wages -people of working age left to find higher wages, eg. the average income in the EU in 2004 was nearly 3 times greater than in Poland
  3. Low availability of housing -people left Poland because there was not enough housing for them to move into, eg. in 2004 there were just over 300dwellings for every 1000people
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7
Q

Pull factors for people coming the UK

A
  1. Ease of migration -only the uk, Ireland and Sweden decided to allow unlimited migration from the new member countries in 20004, other countries restricted entry, but will have to allow it by 2011
  2. Good exchange rate -a few pounds in the uk were worth lots of zloty (polish currency), so migrants could send home a few pounds and it would make a big difference
  3. Plenty of jobs and better paid jobs -labour shortage for certain occupations in the uk, eg. shortage of tradesmen such as plumbers (who were also paid more in the uk than in Poland)
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8
Q

Demographic consequences due to migration from Poland to the uk

A

Poland’s population has shrunk because so many people have migrated to other countries, eg. fell 0.3% 2003-2994
Birth rate has also decreased between 2003-2005 as many who have left are of reproductive age
Population of the uk has increased as a result, especially those of reproductive age

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9
Q

Economic consequences due to migration from Poland to the uk

A

U.K. economy loses out because money earring in the uk by polish workers is not all spent in the uk
The polish economy grows as money is sent back to Poland by migrants, eg. 2006 €3.45 billion sent back to Poland from abroad
Migration has also had a bad effect on the economy in Poland as there are a shortage of labourers so less work can be done meaning their economy does not grow much

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10
Q

Social consequences due to migration from Poland to the uk

A

Migration of working age people has helped the problems caused by the UK’s ageing population
Young migrants pay taxes and there are used to support the older retired people, eg. to pay for pensions

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11
Q

Cultural consequences due to migration from Poland to the uk

A

Shops selling polish products have opened in areas where lots of polish people have settled, eg. the West Midlands
The number of people attending Catholic Church services in the uk have increased because most of the polish migrants are Catholic

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12
Q

Political consequences due to migration from Poland to the uk

A

The immigration policy of the U.K. has been changed because of the influx of polish migrants
When Romania and Bulgaria joined the EU in 2007, the uk did not allow unlimited migration like it had for Poland

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13
Q

Environmental consequences due to migration from Poland to the uk

A

Increased immigration from Poland has meant air traffic between Poland and the U.K. has increased, eg. there were just over 500,000 passengers to and from the uk in 2003 and 3.3 million in 2006
Increased air traffic means more greenhouse gases are released making global warming worse

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14
Q

Is migration into the UK permanent

A

No doesn’t have to be

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15
Q

What happened in 2008 (Poland)

A

Lots of migrants moved back to Poland

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16
Q

Why did lots of migrants move back to Poland

A
  1. Less work available in the UK-economy of the U.K. Is thought to be shrinking, so less money is spent on things like house renovation, which means there is less work for tradesman
  2. More work available in Poland-the economy is growing, providing work, Poland’s GDP grew by 6.5% in 2007
  3. Less favourable exchange rate-one pound is worth about 4.5zloty in 2008, this means the money immigrants send back is not worth as cub as in 2004
17
Q

Where have many people migrated from the uk to

A

Spain

18
Q

What age do people migrated from the uk to Spain

A

When they retire

19
Q

When did the largest number migrate to Spain

A

1980/90’s and more are still going

20
Q

Why is it difficult to know how many people have moved to Spain

A

Lots of people move temporarily-live in Spain part of the year and live in the uk part of the year

21
Q

How many British people are thought to own a property in Spain

A

Around 1million

22
Q

Push factors for people leaving the uk to go to Spain

A
  1. The cost of living is rising in the uk-shopping, fuel, electricity and mortgage payments are getting more expensive, but people’s earnings are not increasing at the same rate-so have less to spend on other things
  2. U.K. Has a cool, wet and changeable climate
23
Q

Pull factors for people moving to Spain from the uk

A
  1. Cost of living is lower in Spain-so people have more money to spend on other things
  2. Spain has a hot, dry and less changeable climate than the uk-retired people move as they prefer the Spanish climate
24
Q

Demographic consequences due to migration from the uk to Spain

A

The population structure of the U.K. and Spain has been altered-people who retire to Spain are mostly older (older than 65) so population structure of Spain will have a greater proportion of older people, while the uk will have a reduced proportion of older people

25
Q

Environmental consequences due to migration from the uk to Spain

A

Many uk migrants do not live in Spain all year round (eg there were about 23,000 part time residents in 2008) so they regularly return to the uk-increases air traffic, causing more pollution

26
Q

Social consequences due to migration from the uk to Spain

A

A lot of migrants were in their 50/60’s when they migrated in the 1980/90’s-now reaching an age where they will need more long term medical care
Not known whether the Spanish health system will be able to cope
U.K. born Spanish residents do not have the same right to health care in the uk as uk residents do, eg they do not qualify for nursing home places

27
Q

Cultural consequences due to migration from the uk to Spain

A

U.K. migrants have set up communities with British run shops and restaurants
Some do not speak Spanish so they do not interact with the local community-lead to tensions between the uk migrants and local people

28
Q

Economic consequences due to migration from the uk to Spain

A

Jobs are created in Spain to provide for the needs of the U.K. migrants, eg more home help and construction workers to build houses
U.K. migrants spend their savings in Spain instead of the U.K, helping the Spanish economy grow, whilst the uk economy loses out

29
Q

Political consequences due to migration from the uk to Spain

A

Local elections in Spain are affected by uk migrants-they have the right to vote, and many are standing as confidantes in local elections, eg more than 100 uk immigrants stood as candidates in local elections in 2007
Some Spanish people think the health care that uk migrants receive should be paid for by the uk nhs