into lecture

Question 1

define anatomy

Answer 1

study of body structure

Question 2

define physiology

Answer 2

study of body function

Question 3

what are two major sources of bias when relying on cadavers to learn about human anatomy?

Answer 3

1. reliance on non living material
2. cadavers may not have normal anatomy

Question 4

what are two major reasons why cadavers may not have normal human anatomy?

Answer 4

1. donors are often ill
2. donors come from homeless people and homeless people live high stress lives. stress affects the body

Question 5

explain how story about researchers studying SIDS in 1920s-1950s shows problems that can result from relying on cadavers to learn about normal human anatomy

Answer 5

babies were dying of SIDS. doctors realized that babies dying from SIDS had abnormally large thymuses. they concluded large thymus was pressing on babies trachea causing them to suffocate. used radiation to shrink babies thymuses. didn’t work because years later doctors discovered babies cadavers that were being studied in med school were from a high stress life which shrunk thymus.

Question 6

X-Ray

Answer 6

high Energy radiation passes through soft tissue. disadvantage harmful radiation and overlapping structures

Question 7

ct scan

Answer 7

computer pieces together several x-rays to produce an image or slice of body. Stacks slices to make 3d image. clearer than x-ray because fewer overlapping structures

Question 8

ultra sound

Answer 8

high frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs. avoid danger of radiation. disadvantage- image isn’t clear

Question 9

mri

Answer 9

involves extremely strong magnetic fields in radio waves. better than CT scan for soft tissues. disadvantage- reaction to injection of chemical

Question 10

pet scan

Answer 10

used to tell which tissues are metabolically the most active. inject patient with radioactive glucose. disadvantage- allergic reaction

Question 11

what are two potential biases in human physiology?

Answer 11

1. animals like rats may not be good models for humans
2. cells and tissues studied in Petri dishes may function abnormally

Question 12

the nervous system

Answer 12

the body’s command system. controls movement response and thought. brain, spinal cord, nerves

Question 13

the reproductive system

Answer 13

responsible for reproduction. cycle of life. vagina and ovaries for female. penis, testes, sperm for male

Question 14

the integumentary system

Answer 14

protective membrane, temperature regulator and sensory receptor. the skin

Question 15

urinary system

Answer 15

produces, transports, and eliminates urine. kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra

Question 16

the digestive system

Answer 16

digestion, absorption, and elimination. mouth, stomach, esophagus, intestines, anus

Question 17

the respiratory system

Answer 17

furnishes oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from body

Question 18

the immune system

Answer 18

protection against infection. thymus and spleen

Question 19

the skeletal system

Answer 19

to provide structure and store calcium. bones and joints

Question 20

the muscular system

Answer 20

movement and extra protection for the body. muscles keep the body warm and regulate body temp when cold outside

Question 21

the endocrine system

Answer 21

regulating hormones. pineal gland, thyroid, pituitary gland

Question 22

the lymphatic symptom

Answer 22

fighting bacteria. red and white blood cells, plasma, lymph nodes

Question 23

what is meant by homeostasis? give an example

Answer 23

homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain relatively constant internal condition. an example is regulating body temperature

Question 24

describe in detail how a healthy body regulates blood glucose levels.

Answer 24

cells need glucose to function.
when glucose cells of the pancreas release INSULIN which lower blood glucose levels
when blood glucose falls, cells of the pancreas release GLUCAGON to raise blood sugar levels.

INSULIN stimulates cells throughout body to take up glucose faster removing it from blood. stimulates muscle and liver to convert sugar to glycogen
GLUCAGON stimulates muscle and liver to convert glycogen to sugar to release it. convert amino acids into sugar and release it

Question 25

what common disease results from a failure to regulate blood glucose?

Answer 25

diabetes melletus

Question 26

what is the main process in which the body senses a change and acts to reverse (negate) it?

Answer 26

negative feedback

Question 27

list and briefly explain the 3 major players in negative feedback:

Answer 27

1. sensor- measures value of some variable
2. integrator-compares actual value to desire value and generates a response if needed
3. effectors- structures that are turned off or on by integrator