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anatomy & physiology 1 > chemistry lecture > Flashcards

chemistry lecture Flashcards

1
Q

how do organic and inorganic chemicals differ?

A

organic compounds- contain carbon
inorganic compounds- do not contain carbon

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2
Q

what are the 4 major classes of organic compounds?

A
  1. nucleic acids
  2. carbohydrates
  3. lipids
  4. proteins
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3
Q

what are the 2 types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

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4
Q

Describe the structure of DNA – include at least 3 different components of DNA. What
is its function?

A

the structure of DNA is a double helix. it is double stranded.
the genetic material; embedded in its structure is in the info.
needed to build and maintain the body.

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5
Q

how does the structure of RNA differ from that of DNA? What is the function of RNA?

A

DNA has very double long strands of THYMINE. RNA has single tiny strands of URACIL

the function of RNA is use instructions of DNA to build protein

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6
Q

what are the building blocks of protein?

A

amino acids

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7
Q

describe the structure of an amino acid. All amino acids are structurally the same except
for what part?

A

COOCH with a R side chain. the side or R chain makes them different.

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8
Q

what type of bond joins amino acids together?

A

peptide bonds

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9
Q

how many different amino acids are used in the body? What is meant by an “essential”
amino acid?

A

20 amino acids used in the body. essential amino acids are the ones you must get in your diet. there are 10 essential amino acids.

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10
Q

a fundamental idea in biology is that the structure of something has a huge effect on its
what?

A

its function

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11
Q

what are 6 functions of proteins?

A
  1. structure
  2. movement
  3. transportation
  4. immunity
  5. communication
  6. speeds up reactions (catalyst)
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12
Q

what is an enzyme?

A

an enzyme speed up chemical reactions but are not consumed in the process. almost always proteins

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13
Q

enzymes almost always belong to which of the 4 classes of organics?

A

proteins

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14
Q

what feature of an enzyme makes it so specific?

A

its structure. they are highly specific. each enzyme catalyzes specific reaction

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15
Q

what is a common misconception about enzymes?

A

enzymes do not cause reactions to occur, they only speed them up

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16
Q

briefly explain the importance of the enzyme catalase.

A

our cells produce hydrogen peroxide as a result normal metabolism. however hydrogen peroxide is toxic, and kills cells when in a large amount. with catalase, hydrogen peroxide is neutralized.

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17
Q

what part of the name ‘catalase’ is a give-away that it must be an enzyme?

A

the -ase suffix

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18
Q

in general, how does the structure of a lipid differ from the other organics?

A

lipids are usually made with C, H, O, with many H per O

ex. C57 H114 O6

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19
Q

describe the structure of a fatty acid.

A

long carbon (with H) chains with an acid COOH at the end

20
Q

what is the difference between a unsaturated and saturated fatty acid?

A

saturated fatty acids are ones that can’t “hold” any more H
unsaturated fatty acids are ones that can hold H because they have some double bonds between carbons

21
Q

which fatty acid is bad for our health?

A

saturated fatty acids

22
Q

what does hydrophobic mean? Which of the 4 classes of organics is always hydrophobic?

A

lipids are hydrophobic meaning they are afraid of water

23
Q

Describe the structure of a triglyceride. What is the more common word for triglyceride? Where are triglycerides stored in our bodies?

A

3 fatty acids linked to a simple alcohol. common word is fat. there are stored in our adipocytes.

24
Q

list the 6 functions of lipids:

A
  1. long term energy storage for upcoming weeks/ months
  2. cushion joints and internal organs
  3. insulation
  4. major component for cell membranes
  5. act as chemical messengers
  6. heat generation
25
Q

describe the structure of a carbohydrate. how can you distinguish them from lipids?

A

ratio of C:H:O is 1:2:1 . carbohydrates are hydrophillic and dissolve in water while lipids are hydrophobic and do not mix well in water

26
Q

list the specific names of carbohydrates:

A
  1. frutose
  2. glycogen
  3. glucose
  4. lactose
  5. plant scratches
27
Q

what are 3 functions of carbohydrates?

A
  1. make up bulk of mucus in body
  2. help form gels that hold cells together
  3. serve as the major short term source of energy for the body
28
Q

what is ATP?

A

atp is the immediate most direct energy source for cells

29
Q

describe the structure of ATP. what class of organic is it most like?

A

consists of an Adenine base, a sugar (ribose), and 3 phosphate groups. it is most like a nucleic acid?

30
Q

what is the function of ATP?

A

the immediate, most direct, energy source for our cells.
cells cannot use glucose directly, so instead they transform glucose into many ATP

31
Q

list the 6 major inorganic compounds:

A
  1. water H2O
  2. oxygen O2
  3. carbon dioxide CO2
  4. nitric oxide NO
  5. salt NACl
32
Q

what percentage of your body is made of water?

A

67%

33
Q

what are 4 important properties of water?

A
  1. water is a good lubricant, reduces friction between organs
  2. effective solvent, plays active role in chemical reactions
  3. water changes temp slowly, which makes it easier to regulate body temp
  4. 67 percent of body weight
34
Q

why do we have to breathe oxygen?

A

we have to breathe oxygen because of cellular respiration

35
Q

where does the carbon dioxide from our bodies come from?

A
36
Q

why is it important to control the amount of carbon dioxide in our body fluids?

A

carbon dioxides concentration in body fluid has to be controlled because it reacts with water to form carbonic acid and acid can disrupt cell function.

37
Q

which gas is a major stimulus for taking a breath of air?

A

carbon dioxide

38
Q

where does nitric oxide come from? what is its function?

A

nitric oxide come from cells which act as a messenger between cells. its function is to relax smooth muscle in the arteries which increases arteries diameter. which increases blood flow.

39
Q

what are salts? give some examples of salt.

A

compounds in which atoms are bonded to each other due to their opposite electrical charges.

ex. potassium chloride (KCl), sodium chloride (NaCl)

40
Q

what is an ion? what are some important roles of these inorganics in the body?

A

an ion is an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

important roles of ion in the body are muscle contraction and nerve cell function

41
Q

how is a cation different from an anion?

A

cations are ions with positive charges and anions are ions with negative charges.

42
Q

what’s the difference between an acid and a base? what is a strong vs weak acid?

A

an ACID is a compound that can release hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. a BASE is a compound that can remove hydrogen ions (H+) ions from solution.

strong vs weak acids and bases depend on the degree to which the acid or base associates.

43
Q

coffee with a pH of 5 has ______ times _______ (more/less) H+ than ammonia with a
pH of 11.

A

100, more

44
Q

what is the pH of regular water?

A

7

45
Q

why must the body regulate pH?

A

the body must regulate pH because hydrogen ions are reactive and can be dangerous to cells and can disrupt enzyme shape and function.

46
Q

what is meant by a buffer system?

A

a buffer system is any mechanism that helps keep pH constant throughout the body.

anatomy & physiology 1 (6 decks)

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