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BMS 150 FINAL 2 > Intestinal and Liver Pathology II > Flashcards

Intestinal and Liver Pathology II Flashcards

1
Q

80% of obstructions in the intestines are due to?

A
  • herniations
  • adhesions
  • intussusception
  • volvulus
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2
Q

10-20% of obstructions in the intestines are due to?

A

tumours or infarcts

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3
Q

what is a hernia

A

weakness or defect in abdominal wall -> protrusion of peritoneum

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4
Q

what is the termed for trapped bowel

A

incarceration

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5
Q

what is the term for trapped and ischemic bowel

A

strangulated

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6
Q

intussusception in adults usually occurs due to a ? in the small bowel that disrupts motility

A

tumour

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7
Q

what is ileus

A

painful obstruction of the ileum that greatly decreases motility

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8
Q

what are the two phases of intestinal ischemia

A

hypoxic injury and reperfusion injury

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9
Q

what is hypoxic injury

A

epithelium, muscular layers are relatively resistant to ischemia, so damage is relatively limited early on

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10
Q

what is reperfusion injury

A

as blood supply is re-established, free radical production, neutrophil infiltration and release of inflammatory mediators

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11
Q

what is coagulative necrosis

A

perforation and inflammation of the serosa or peritoneum

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12
Q

what is angiodysplasia

A

malformed submucosal and mucosal blood vessels

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13
Q

what is the most common abdominal surgical emergency

A

appendicitis

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14
Q

what are the different phases of hepatitis infection

A
  1. incubation period
  2. symptomatic preicteric phase
  3. symptomatic icteric phase
  4. convalescence
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15
Q

what is the genome of hepatitis A

A

ssRNA

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16
Q

what is the genome of hepatitis B

A

dsDNA

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17
Q

what is the genome of hepatitis C

A

ssRNA

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18
Q

what is the genome of hepatitis D

A

ssRNA

19
Q

what is the route of transmission for hepatitis A

A

Fecal-oral

20
Q

what is the route of transmission for hepatitis B

A

parenteral, sexual transmission

21
Q

what is the route of transmission for hepatitis C

A

parenteral

22
Q

what is the route of transmission for hepatitis D

A

parenteral

23
Q

what is the incubation period for hepatitis A

A

2-6 weeks

24
Q

what is the incubation period for hepatitis B

A

2-26 weeks

25
Q

what is the incubation period for hepatitis C

A

4-26 weeks

26
Q

what is the incubation period for hepatitis D

A

2-26 weeks

27
Q

is chronic liver disease associated with hepatitis A

A

never

28
Q

is chronic liver disease associated with hepatitis B

A

5-10%

29
Q

is chronic liver disease associated with hepatitis C

A

> 80%

30
Q

is chronic liver disease associated with hepatitis D

A

10-90%

31
Q

what is the most prevalent form of hepatitis in the world

A

hepatitis B

32
Q

which hepatitis needs coinfection with hepatitis B for its life cycle

A

hepatitis D

33
Q

which hepatitis is associated with a very high mortality in pregnant women and is associated with zoonosis that results in self-limited acute hepatitis

A

hepatitis E

34
Q

what are the 3 distinct but overlapping forms of alcoholic liver injury

A
  1. hepatitis
  2. hepatic steatosis
  3. steatofibrosis
35
Q

alcohol promotes movement of ? from the gut into the portal circulation which leads to ?

A

bacterial endotoxin
liver inflammation

36
Q

what is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

A

steatosis in the absence of significant alcohol consumption

37
Q

what is the most common cause of liver disease in US

A

NAFLD

38
Q

what happens with low doses of acetaminophen toxicity

A

conjugated and excreted in urine

39
Q

what happens with high doses of acetaminophen toxicity

A

increased production of NAPQI, if glutathione reserves are insufficient, then this reactive molecule damages hepatocytes

40
Q

what are the two types of autoimmune hepatitis

A

type 1: presence of ANA(antinuclear antibodies) and anti-smooth muscle antibodies
type 2: presence of anti-cytochrome antibodies

41
Q

portal hypertension is caused by ?

A

a combination of increased resistance to blood flow through the portal circulation, and a “hyperdynamic circulation”

42
Q

what is cholangitis

A

bacterial infection of the bile ducts

43
Q

what is the main concern for diseases of the extrahepatic ducts

A

sepsis, the patient can go into septic shock

BMS 150 FINAL 2 (26 decks)

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