Interviewing suspects and Detecting Deception:

Question 1

What are the two approaches?

Answer 1

Accusatorial - 
US
Confession focused
Use of coercion/manip
The Reid technique.
Information-gathering - 
UK
Information gathering focused
Emphasises respect
PEACE framework.

Question 2

The Reid Technique - 9 steps:

Answer 2

Direct positive confrontation. - directly confront susp w evidence.
Theme development - gain susp trust.
Handling denials - use of strategies and techniques to stop them from denying anything.
Overcoming objections - ignore susp objections to explaining why it isn’t them.
Procurement and retention of susp attention - maintaining susp’s attention.
Handling the suspect’s passive mood. - re-engaging susp, showing sympathy.
Presenting an alternative question. - if interviewer stuck, find alternative options.
Having a susp describe the offence.
Converting an oral to written confession.
Criticism:
Guilt-presumptive.
Confrontational aspect.
Increased risk of false confessions

Question 3

The PEACE Interviewing Model:

Answer 3

P - planning and prep.
E - engage and explain - (rapport). 
A - account, Clarification, Challenge.
C - closure.
E - evaluation.

Question 4

False Confessions:

Three Forms:

Answer 4

Voluntary false confessions. - innocent confesses to crime without external pressure from police. - usually to protect someone else.
Coerced-compliant false confessions. - occur when an innocent susp confesses due to pressure from police.
Coerced-internalised false confessions. - susp incorrectly believes that they have done the crime.

Question 5

Risk factors to false confessions:

Answer 5

Interview practises:
Interview length
Presentation of false ev.
Coercion and minimisation.
Indiv diffs:
Age
Mental ability
Suggestibility 
Recommendation - Kassin et al, 2010:
Mandatory recording of susp interviews.
Prohibiting severely coercive techniques - e.g. presentation of false ev. 
Introducing measures to safeguard vulnerable susp’s.

Question 6

rapport

Answer 6

Increases likelihood of gathering reliable info from suspects.
One of the most used techniques.
Important to measure it.
Safeguards innocent suspects.
Increases information yield from guilty susp’s.
ORBIT - Observing Rapport-Based Interpersonal Techniques. - Alison et al, 2013.
Problems with causality.

Question 7

Research has shown there are a number of factors that increase the risk of false confessions. Some are:

Answer 7

• isolating the subject
• long interrogations
• minimisation
• the presentation of false evidence

Question 8

Processes at play during deception: Three approaches -

Answer 8

• the emotional approach
• the cognitive load approach
• the self preservation perspective

Question 9

The emotional approach:

Answer 9

Lying causes emotions that differ from those experienced while telling the truth. - Ekman, 2001.
Fear of being judged as being untruthful.
Guilt about telling a lie.
Glee at the prospect of being able to fool someone.
All context dependent.
According to the emotional approach, experiencing emotions when lying can lead to a leakage of these emo’s by experiencing stress and arousal.
Causing voice pitch to rise
Increase of blushing
Sweating and number of speech errors.
Avert their gaze.

Question 10

the cognitive load approach

Answer 10

Lying may be more mentally demanding than telling the truth because it needs to provide a story. - Blandon-Gitlin et al, 2014.
Consistent with the facts known by the interviewer
Detailed enough to appear based on something self-experienced.
Simple enough to be remembered if one is asked to repeat the story later on.
Patterns of behaviour:
Might blink less frequently.
General reduction in body movements.

Question 11

The self preservation perspective

Answer 11

Self presentation aim is to regulate one’s own behaviour to create a particular impression on others. - DePaulo et al, 2003.
Emphasises the similarities between truth tellers and liars.
Liars and truth tellers share a mutual goal: to create an impression of honesty.
Liars show deception discrepancy.
Impressions of ambivalence and tension
Statements are less detailed and vaguer
Liars might exp more cog effort.

Question 12

detecting deception from verbal content

Answer 12

Statement Validity Analysis (SVA), 4 stages:
A statement of real exp or mem would be different from the content of a statement that has been fabricated or imagined.
Analysis of the case file.
Semi-structured interview to obtain statement.
Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA). - the more criteria endorsed, the more truthful it is.
Validity checklist, alternative exp’s.
Review of lab based research showed an overall accuracy rate of 73%, and the technique proved to be equally good for detecting truthful and fabricated accounts.
Reality Monitoring:
The ability to discriminate between self-experienced and imagined events.
Memories of real events tend to contain more perceptual information (e.g. taste, touch, smell) and than memories of imagined events.
RM techniques shown to be an effective tool for distinguishing truthful and deceptive accounts.
Scientific Content Analysis (SCAN):
Widespread use, but scarce scientific support.
Detecting Deception from Verbal Content:
Computer-based linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC).
Voice stress analysis (VSA).
Layered voice stress analysis

Question 13

The Control Question Test (CQT):

Answer 13

Introductory phase -
Rapport building and free recall.
Questions formulation
Establish that the subj has understood all q’s
Require the subj to respond to the q with yes or no.
Question phase - 3 categories of q’s -
Irrelevant q’s - is your last name …
Relevant q’s - concerns the crime under investigation
Control q’s - concern likely past transgressions, unrelated to current event .
Difference in physiological response to the relevant and control q’s.

Question 14

CQT: validity -

Answer 14

Field studies show that CQT is good at identifying guilty susps, but rates are lower for innocent susps - classifying innocent susps as guilty.
Lab studies CQT - challenge is to create externally valid situations.
Major problem - basic assumption that innocent susps will respond with more arousal to the control q’s than to relevant q’s and viceversa for guilty subjs.

Question 15

The guilty knowledge test:

Answer 15

Aim - detect concealed knowledge that only the guilt susp has.
Assumption - a guilty susp, will expect more physiological arousal when the correct alternative is presented. In contrast, an innocent susp will react similarly to all alternatives, since they lack this ‘guilty knowledge’ .
Validity:
GKT (compared to CQT), seems to be slightly more accurate inc classifying innocent than guilty.
But what if the innocent suspect learned the correct answer from other sources?

Question 16

strategic interviewing to detect deception:

Answer 16

The Cognitive load approach -
Placing susps under additional cog load might elicit new and/or enhance already existing cues to deceit.
The Unanticipated Questions approach -
Unanticipated q’s to which truthers will answer differently.
The Verifiability approach -
Info management dilemma - provide enough details to be assessed as honest, whilst realise that there is a risk in providing details that can be checked.

Question 17

How many steps are there in the Reid technique to interviewing a suspect?

Answer 17

9

Question 18

what is reality monitoring?

Answer 18

refers to the ability to discriminate between self experiences and imagines events

Question 19

which section is known as a hospital order and applies to the transfer of individuals from prison to hospital?

Answer 19

Section 37