Intervention Flashcards
Cocaine is a highly addictive ___. It is fast- acting with short-acting effects.
Stimulant.
Amphetamines include ___ as well as ___. ___ is the most potent amphetamine available.
Dextroamphetamine and Methamphetamine. Methamphetamine is the most potent.
Korsakoff’s psychosis can develop from high consumption of
Alcohol
Withdrawal from ___ can be dangerous including psychosis and seizures within 2-3 days of no use.
Alcohol
Inhalant use/abuse is commonly associated with ___ and ___ people.
Young and poor
The effect of using inhalants is to ___ the _____ system
Depress the central nervous system
A popular herbal remedy for mild depression. Has complex effects on liver metabolism. Serious drug-drug interactions can occur.
St. Johns Wort
___ ___ such as Inderal (propranolol) and Noten (atenolol) reduce sympathetic nervous system activity
Beta Blockers. (Anxiety section)
The majority of modern antidepressants target the ___ system. If treatment is ineffective, then agents that target the ___ system are used such as Avanza. A new antidepressant (Valdoxan) targets the ___ system. and helps improve circadian rhythms.
Serotonin.Noradrenaline.Melatonin.
Even when mild, ___ can lead to medication non-compliance
Side effects
Despite controversy over their use, ___ can be prescribed short term to counteract anxious symptoms that are side effects of some anti depressants
Benzodiazepines
The association between initiating antidepressants and ___ appears stronger in young adults.
suicide/ suicidal ideation
___ are the mainstay treatment of OCD, generally at ___ doses.
Antidepressants. Higher.
__ medication remains effective in reducing delusions and hallucinations
Antipsychotic
Acamprosate (campral) has been used in ____, is required 3x/day. It has virtually no side effects, but often is not adhered to because of high frequency of dosing.
Alcohol dependence
The most common adverse reaction to marijuana is ___ or ___.
Acute anxiety. Panic.
Cannabinoids possess characteristics of both _______ depressants and ____.
Central nervous system depressants. Hallucinogens.
Opioids are also known as ___ and are ______ depressants.
Narcotics.Central Nervous System depressants.
Opium, heroin, morphine, oxycodone, hydrocodonem codeine, demerol, and meperidine are all types of ___.
Opioids.
Cluster A disorders are often treated with ____ medication at ___ doses because of the mild psychotic symptoms present.
treated with atypical antipsychotic medication at low doses.
List 1-3 medications prescribed for Cluster A disorders
Risperdal, Zyprexa, or Seroquel.
Cluster B disorders have been treated with ___. Additionally, ___ and ___ have also been used for anxiety/sedation and to reduce self-harming, respectively.
Duloxetine and SSRI antidepressants. Gabapentin (Neurontin) andNaltrexone (Revia) have also been used.
___ are also used to treat Cluster C. At times, a long-acting ___ such as clonazepam is used.
SSRI’s are also used.Long-acting benzodiazepines.
AD/HD treatments
Dexamphetamine or mephenidate (Ritalin)
Bipolar Disorder treatments: Control of elevated mood is gained with ___ drugs, a ___ ___ drug is usually added.
sedating drugs.A mood stabilising drug is usually added.
Lithium side effects
Excessive thirst and tremor. Progressive effects on cognition with risk of death. Risk times include dehydration which is more problematic in the elderly who have reduced thirst when dehydrated.
In initial stages of dementia (mini mental state > 10) ___ can be used to slow the cognitive decline.
donepizil (Aricept).
In advancing dementia, if there are behavioural changes that can’t be managed with environmental support low-dose ___ medication is used. The risk is ___ and temporary ___.
Low dose antipsychotic medication (risperidone). The risk is sedation and temporary cognitive decline.
Several problems with ___ previously used to treat anxiety, include ___, ___, mild ___ and decreased ___ skills.
Benzodiazepines.Dependency, tolerance, mild cognitive decline and decreased problem-solving skills.
Often ___ drugs are used to treat anxiety. The effect is not as immediate or strong as Valium type drugs, but there is less risk of ___ and ___.
Antidepressant drugs.Less risk of tolerance and dependence.
The ___ is the ratio of the toxic to the therapeutic dose. A higher ___ is more desirable as the risk of toxicity at therapeutic doses is less.
Therapeutic index.
Related to withdrawal is the concept of a ____ in which one is said to encounter non-medically dangerous malaise symptoms when they miss a dose or stop taking a medication
discontinuation syndrome
___ occurs when one drug may enhance the effect of a 2nd drug.
Potentiation
___ refers to the occasion when one drug may enhance the 2nd drug significantly more than expected.
Synergism
Beyond being illegal, what important implications come with taking illicit substances?
They are often mixed with other substances, so people do not know what they are taking. They can contain dangerous ingredients.
Provide an example substance from each category: Depressants, cannabinoids, opioids, hallucinogens, stimulants, nicotine, steroids.
Depressants: (Alcohol, sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics, inhalants)Cannabinoids: (Marijuana) Opioids: (Heroin, morphine, codeine) Hallucinogens: (LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, PCP)Stimulants: (amphetamines, cocaine, caffeine)
___ are substances which affect mood, perception, or behaviour
Psychotropics
The site of action for psychotropics is the ____ which is made up of the brain, spinal cord, and a complex network of neurons.
Central Nervous System
Acetylcholine functions
Memory, learning, and attention
Epinephrine functions
Secreted by endocrine glands above the kidneys, adrenal glands. Regulates our fight-flight-freeze response. Often mentioned when anxiety is discussed.
Norepinephrine functions
Related to wakefulness and alertness
Dopamine functions
Related to behavioural regulation, movement, learning, mood, and attention and can be both excitatory and inhibitory. Discussed in relation to schizophrenia. Receptors activated by amphetamines and cocaine.
Serotonin functions
Related to inhibition of activity and behaviour. Discussed in relation to mood regulation, appetite, and sleep.
GABA functions
Inhibitory in action and relates to stability by decreasing neural transmission and thus preventing over excitation. Barbiturates and benzodiazepines increase GABA.
In the DSM 5 there are ___ personality disorders organised into ___ clusters
10 disorders. 3 clusters
Cluster A personality disorders
Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
Cluster B personality disorders
Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
Cluster C personality disorders
Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
Begins with monitoring current activities and then moves to developing a list of possibly rewarding activities
Behavioural Activation
Entails the therapist assisting the client to break a task into smaller tasks, and the client is then instructed to attempt only one small part of the tasks at a time
Graded task assignment
In many instances this is similar to psychoeducation but focuses more on overt behaviour
Skills Training
Basically, a person applies principles of behaviour change to produce a desired behaviour change in themselves. The personal application of behaviour change tactics.
Self-management
This is used for clients who hyperventilate when anxious
Re-breathing
This therapy recognises conscious and unconscious drives as important determinants of psychological state, emphasises the client-practitioner relationship as a key therapeutic factor, and works to interpret patterns in the clients expression of emotions and thoughts.
Psychodynamic therapy
Emotions are dysfunctional when they
Interfere with adaptation and the ability to choose behaviours adaptively
Attempts to voluntarily suppress unwanted thoughts result in ___ accessibility of the thought and ruminating
Increased
An experiential, often HW, activity undertaken by a client designed to gather information which tests the validity of a certain belief or tests a new belief
Behavioural experiment
This is seen as a state that is open to influence and change by identifying and resolving ambivalence
Motivation
The main foci of Motivational Interviewing involve the 3 fundamental components
Collaboration Evocation Autonomy
This is a two-fold approach to addressing psychological illness, which involves first educating the client about their psychological illness, and second, the mastery of techniques to control symptoms and manage conditions
Psychoeducation
Involves the application of behaviorist principles, including punishment and reinforcement, on observable and measurable behaviours to create behaviour change
Behaviour modification
This is generally conducted before behaviour modification is applied
Functional analysis
This identifies the antecedents and consequences supporting the behaviour to be changed or that are needed to promote a new behaviour
Functional analysis
A unique advantage offered by ___ and ___ approaches is that they can be delivered via alternative pathways including through schools
Systems and Ecological
The philosophical perspective of ___ values the uniqueness and autonomy of the individual as its foundational principle, and accordingly, ___ psychotherapy interventions aim to facilitate growth by building on client strengths and fostering a sense of agency to achieve goals and fulfil potential.
Humanism Humanistic
___ therapy interventions are based on the principle that our perceptions of reality and self-concept are organised through personal ___, and working with these ___ in a therapy context is useful for exploring and healing the client’s psychological state
Narrative(s)
A primary mechanism in Narrative Therapy is the use of
Questions
In Narrative Therapy, the therapist uses questions to (2)
Help generate a new experience through therapy and to help keep the client as the central focal point of the therapy process.
Narrative Therapy is particularly useful when working with which population(s)?
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
According to this model, ineffective and habitual coping mechanisms compound over time to cause problems with the individual’s psychosocial functioning.
Solution-focused therapy
The means by which psychotropic agent has an impact is referred to as___
Pharmacodynamics.
The process by which a psychotropic agent is passed through the body is called ___ and involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
Pharmacokinetics
Often referred to as activity scheduling or reward planning and is moderately directive in nature
Behavioural activation
(Behavioural activation/activity scheduling) While the activities are ___, the actual act of scheduling is ___ and thus involves the clients reasoning and choices regarding what activities to actually schedule
Behavioural Cognitive
Behavioural activation is most commonly used in the treatment of
Depression
Graded task assignment
entails the therapist assisting the client to break a task into smaller tasks and the client is then instructed to attempt only one small part of the tasks at a time.
The use of ___ ___ gives clients tools to take charge of their own healing journey outside of and following therapy
Skills Training
Self-management
A person applies principles of behaviour change to produce a desired behaviour change in themselves. The personal application of behaviour change tactics.
PMR and re-breathing are two examples of
Relaxation strategies
Psychodynamic therapy
Recognises conscious and unconscious drives as important determinants of psychological state, emphasises the client- practitioner relationship as a key therapeutic factor, and works to interpret patterns in the client’s expression of emotions and thoughts
Pharmacokinetics
The process by which a psychotropic agent is passed through the body. Involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.
Pharmacodynamics
The means by which a psychotropic agent has an impact
Psychodynamic therapy
Recognises conscious and unconscious drives as important determinants of psychological state, emphasises the client- practitioner relationship as a key therapeutic factor, and works to interpret patterns in the client’s expression of emotions and thoughts
Six stages of change
Pre- contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance Termination
Pre- contemplation Stage
Not considering a change. Either you don’t recognise a problem, you think the problem is up to others or that you have no control over it, or you don’t see any consequences/negatives of your behaviour.
Contemplation Stage
Ambivalent. You can see the benefits of change but also the costs. You may see change more as giving something up or losing something than as gaining positive change.
Preparation Stage
You are likely gathering information about making the changes or starting to make small changes and/or finding supports.
Action Stage
Taking direct actions to make the desired changes. It is important to have prepared ahead of time to avoid failure from rushing into change.
Maintenance Stage
Successfully avoiding old behaviours and/or keeping up new behaviours. Support and reinforcement are still important.
Termination Stage
The desired change has been accomplished. The habits have been developed and are being maintained. Sometimes also called transformation stage.
Chain Analysis
Often used in CBT. Helps clients identify vulnerability factors, activating events, as well as thoughts, feelings, and behaviours in response to said events. A metaphor used for the process of creating a chain analysis involves frames in a film where a therapist can help clients ‘freeze a frame’ for discussion while clients are describing the timeline of a specific event.
