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NPE > Intervention > Flashcards

Intervention Flashcards

1
Q

Cocaine is a highly addictive ___. It is fast- acting with short-acting effects.

A

Stimulant.

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2
Q

Amphetamines include ___ as well as ___. ___ is the most potent amphetamine available.

A

Dextroamphetamine and Methamphetamine. Methamphetamine is the most potent.

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3
Q

Korsakoff’s psychosis can develop from high consumption of

A

Alcohol

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4
Q

Withdrawal from ___ can be dangerous including psychosis and seizures within 2-3 days of no use.

A

Alcohol

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5
Q

Inhalant use/abuse is commonly associated with ___ and ___ people.

A

Young and poor

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6
Q

The effect of using inhalants is to ___ the _____ system

A

Depress the central nervous system

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7
Q

A popular herbal remedy for mild depression. Has complex effects on liver metabolism. Serious drug-drug interactions can occur.

A

St. Johns Wort

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8
Q

___ ___ such as Inderal (propranolol) and Noten (atenolol) reduce sympathetic nervous system activity

A

Beta Blockers. (Anxiety section)

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9
Q

The majority of modern antidepressants target the ___ system. If treatment is ineffective, then agents that target the ___ system are used such as Avanza. A new antidepressant (Valdoxan) targets the ___ system. and helps improve circadian rhythms.

A

Serotonin.Noradrenaline.Melatonin.

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10
Q

Even when mild, ___ can lead to medication non-compliance

A

Side effects

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11
Q

Despite controversy over their use, ___ can be prescribed short term to counteract anxious symptoms that are side effects of some anti depressants

A

Benzodiazepines

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12
Q

The association between initiating antidepressants and ___ appears stronger in young adults.

A

suicide/ suicidal ideation

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13
Q

___ are the mainstay treatment of OCD, generally at ___ doses.

A

Antidepressants. Higher.

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14
Q

__ medication remains effective in reducing delusions and hallucinations

A

Antipsychotic

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15
Q

Acamprosate (campral) has been used in ____, is required 3x/day. It has virtually no side effects, but often is not adhered to because of high frequency of dosing.

A

Alcohol dependence

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16
Q

The most common adverse reaction to marijuana is ___ or ___.

A

Acute anxiety. Panic.

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17
Q

Cannabinoids possess characteristics of both _______ depressants and ____.

A

Central nervous system depressants. Hallucinogens.

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18
Q

Opioids are also known as ___ and are ______ depressants.

A

Narcotics.Central Nervous System depressants.

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19
Q

Opium, heroin, morphine, oxycodone, hydrocodonem codeine, demerol, and meperidine are all types of ___.

A

Opioids.

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20
Q

Cluster A disorders are often treated with ____ medication at ___ doses because of the mild psychotic symptoms present.

A

treated with atypical antipsychotic medication at low doses.

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21
Q

List 1-3 medications prescribed for Cluster A disorders

A

Risperdal, Zyprexa, or Seroquel.

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22
Q

Cluster B disorders have been treated with ___. Additionally, ___ and ___ have also been used for anxiety/sedation and to reduce self-harming, respectively.

A

Duloxetine and SSRI antidepressants. Gabapentin (Neurontin) andNaltrexone (Revia) have also been used.

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23
Q

___ are also used to treat Cluster C. At times, a long-acting ___ such as clonazepam is used.

A

SSRI’s are also used.Long-acting benzodiazepines.

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24
Q

AD/HD treatments

A

Dexamphetamine or mephenidate (Ritalin)

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25
Q

Bipolar Disorder treatments: Control of elevated mood is gained with ___ drugs, a ___ ___ drug is usually added.

A

sedating drugs.A mood stabilising drug is usually added.

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26
Q

Lithium side effects

A

Excessive thirst and tremor. Progressive effects on cognition with risk of death. Risk times include dehydration which is more problematic in the elderly who have reduced thirst when dehydrated.

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27
Q

In initial stages of dementia (mini mental state > 10) ___ can be used to slow the cognitive decline.

A

donepizil (Aricept).

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28
Q

In advancing dementia, if there are behavioural changes that can’t be managed with environmental support low-dose ___ medication is used. The risk is ___ and temporary ___.

A

Low dose antipsychotic medication (risperidone). The risk is sedation and temporary cognitive decline.

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29
Q

Several problems with ___ previously used to treat anxiety, include ___, ___, mild ___ and decreased ___ skills.

A

Benzodiazepines.Dependency, tolerance, mild cognitive decline and decreased problem-solving skills.

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30
Q

Often ___ drugs are used to treat anxiety. The effect is not as immediate or strong as Valium type drugs, but there is less risk of ___ and ___.

A

Antidepressant drugs.Less risk of tolerance and dependence.

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31
Q

The ___ is the ratio of the toxic to the therapeutic dose. A higher ___ is more desirable as the risk of toxicity at therapeutic doses is less.

A

Therapeutic index.

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32
Q

Related to withdrawal is the concept of a ____ in which one is said to encounter non-medically dangerous malaise symptoms when they miss a dose or stop taking a medication

A

discontinuation syndrome

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33
Q

___ occurs when one drug may enhance the effect of a 2nd drug.

A

Potentiation

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34
Q

___ refers to the occasion when one drug may enhance the 2nd drug significantly more than expected.

A

Synergism

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35
Q

Beyond being illegal, what important implications come with taking illicit substances?

A

They are often mixed with other substances, so people do not know what they are taking. They can contain dangerous ingredients.

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36
Q

Provide an example substance from each category: Depressants, cannabinoids, opioids, hallucinogens, stimulants, nicotine, steroids.

A

Depressants: (Alcohol, sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics, inhalants)Cannabinoids: (Marijuana) Opioids: (Heroin, morphine, codeine) Hallucinogens: (LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, PCP)Stimulants: (amphetamines, cocaine, caffeine)

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37
Q

___ are substances which affect mood, perception, or behaviour

A

Psychotropics

38
Q

The site of action for psychotropics is the ____ which is made up of the brain, spinal cord, and a complex network of neurons.

A

Central Nervous System

39
Q

Acetylcholine functions

A

Memory, learning, and attention

40
Q

Epinephrine functions

A

Secreted by endocrine glands above the kidneys, adrenal glands. Regulates our fight-flight-freeze response. Often mentioned when anxiety is discussed.

41
Q

Norepinephrine functions

A

Related to wakefulness and alertness

42
Q

Dopamine functions

A

Related to behavioural regulation, movement, learning, mood, and attention and can be both excitatory and inhibitory. Discussed in relation to schizophrenia. Receptors activated by amphetamines and cocaine.

43
Q

Serotonin functions

A

Related to inhibition of activity and behaviour. Discussed in relation to mood regulation, appetite, and sleep.

44
Q

GABA functions

A

Inhibitory in action and relates to stability by decreasing neural transmission and thus preventing over excitation. Barbiturates and benzodiazepines increase GABA.

45
Q

In the DSM 5 there are ___ personality disorders organised into ___ clusters

A

10 disorders. 3 clusters

46
Q

Cluster A personality disorders

A

Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

47
Q

Cluster B personality disorders

A

Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

48
Q

Cluster C personality disorders

A

Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

49
Q

Begins with monitoring current activities and then moves to developing a list of possibly rewarding activities

A

Behavioural Activation

50
Q

Entails the therapist assisting the client to break a task into smaller tasks, and the client is then instructed to attempt only one small part of the tasks at a time

A

Graded task assignment

51
Q

In many instances this is similar to psychoeducation but focuses more on overt behaviour

A

Skills Training

52
Q

Basically, a person applies principles of behaviour change to produce a desired behaviour change in themselves. The personal application of behaviour change tactics.

A

Self-management

53
Q

This is used for clients who hyperventilate when anxious

A

Re-breathing

54
Q

This therapy recognises conscious and unconscious drives as important determinants of psychological state, emphasises the client-practitioner relationship as a key therapeutic factor, and works to interpret patterns in the clients expression of emotions and thoughts.

A

Psychodynamic therapy

55
Q

Emotions are dysfunctional when they

A

Interfere with adaptation and the ability to choose behaviours adaptively

56
Q

Attempts to voluntarily suppress unwanted thoughts result in ___ accessibility of the thought and ruminating

A

Increased

57
Q

An experiential, often HW, activity undertaken by a client designed to gather information which tests the validity of a certain belief or tests a new belief

A

Behavioural experiment

58
Q

This is seen as a state that is open to influence and change by identifying and resolving ambivalence

A

Motivation

59
Q

The main foci of Motivational Interviewing involve the 3 fundamental components

A

Collaboration Evocation Autonomy

60
Q

This is a two-fold approach to addressing psychological illness, which involves first educating the client about their psychological illness, and second, the mastery of techniques to control symptoms and manage conditions

A

Psychoeducation

61
Q

Involves the application of behaviorist principles, including punishment and reinforcement, on observable and measurable behaviours to create behaviour change

A

Behaviour modification

62
Q

This is generally conducted before behaviour modification is applied

A

Functional analysis

63
Q

This identifies the antecedents and consequences supporting the behaviour to be changed or that are needed to promote a new behaviour

A

Functional analysis

64
Q

A unique advantage offered by ___ and ___ approaches is that they can be delivered via alternative pathways including through schools

A

Systems and Ecological

65
Q

The philosophical perspective of ___ values the uniqueness and autonomy of the individual as its foundational principle, and accordingly, ___ psychotherapy interventions aim to facilitate growth by building on client strengths and fostering a sense of agency to achieve goals and fulfil potential.

A

Humanism Humanistic

66
Q

___ therapy interventions are based on the principle that our perceptions of reality and self-concept are organised through personal ___, and working with these ___ in a therapy context is useful for exploring and healing the client’s psychological state

A

Narrative(s)

67
Q

A primary mechanism in Narrative Therapy is the use of

A

Questions

68
Q

In Narrative Therapy, the therapist uses questions to (2)

A

Help generate a new experience through therapy and to help keep the client as the central focal point of the therapy process.

69
Q

Narrative Therapy is particularly useful when working with which population(s)?

A

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

70
Q

According to this model, ineffective and habitual coping mechanisms compound over time to cause problems with the individual’s psychosocial functioning.

A

Solution-focused therapy

71
Q

The means by which psychotropic agent has an impact is referred to as___

A

Pharmacodynamics.

72
Q

The process by which a psychotropic agent is passed through the body is called ___ and involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination

A

Pharmacokinetics

73
Q

Often referred to as activity scheduling or reward planning and is moderately directive in nature

A

Behavioural activation

74
Q

(Behavioural activation/activity scheduling) While the activities are ___, the actual act of scheduling is ___ and thus involves the clients reasoning and choices regarding what activities to actually schedule

A

Behavioural Cognitive

75
Q

Behavioural activation is most commonly used in the treatment of

A

Depression

76
Q

Graded task assignment

A

entails the therapist assisting the client to break a task into smaller tasks and the client is then instructed to attempt only one small part of the tasks at a time.

77
Q

The use of ___ ___ gives clients tools to take charge of their own healing journey outside of and following therapy

A

Skills Training

78
Q

Self-management

A

A person applies principles of behaviour change to produce a desired behaviour change in themselves. The personal application of behaviour change tactics.

79
Q

PMR and re-breathing are two examples of

A

Relaxation strategies

80
Q

Psychodynamic therapy

A

Recognises conscious and unconscious drives as important determinants of psychological state, emphasises the client- practitioner relationship as a key therapeutic factor, and works to interpret patterns in the client’s expression of emotions and thoughts

81
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The process by which a psychotropic agent is passed through the body. Involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.

82
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The means by which a psychotropic agent has an impact

83
Q

Psychodynamic therapy

A

Recognises conscious and unconscious drives as important determinants of psychological state, emphasises the client- practitioner relationship as a key therapeutic factor, and works to interpret patterns in the client’s expression of emotions and thoughts

84
Q

Six stages of change

A

Pre- contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance Termination

85
Q

Pre- contemplation Stage

A

Not considering a change. Either you don’t recognise a problem, you think the problem is up to others or that you have no control over it, or you don’t see any consequences/negatives of your behaviour.

86
Q

Contemplation Stage

A

Ambivalent. You can see the benefits of change but also the costs. You may see change more as giving something up or losing something than as gaining positive change.

87
Q

Preparation Stage

A

You are likely gathering information about making the changes or starting to make small changes and/or finding supports.

88
Q

Action Stage

A

Taking direct actions to make the desired changes. It is important to have prepared ahead of time to avoid failure from rushing into change.

89
Q

Maintenance Stage

A

Successfully avoiding old behaviours and/or keeping up new behaviours. Support and reinforcement are still important.

90
Q

Termination Stage

A

The desired change has been accomplished. The habits have been developed and are being maintained. Sometimes also called transformation stage.

91
Q

Chain Analysis

A

Often used in CBT. Helps clients identify vulnerability factors, activating events, as well as thoughts, feelings, and behaviours in response to said events. A metaphor used for the process of creating a chain analysis involves frames in a film where a therapist can help clients ‘freeze a frame’ for discussion while clients are describing the timeline of a specific event.

NPE (8 decks)

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