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Anatomy Exam 2 > Interval 8: Leg and foot > Flashcards

Interval 8: Leg and foot Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest joint in the human body?

A

-Knee joint

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2
Q

What 3 bones articulate in the formation of the knee joint?

A

-femur, tibia, and patella

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3
Q

The articulation between the patella and femur is the _________ articulation. What is the larger one called?

A
  • patellofemoral articulation

- tibiofemoral is larger

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4
Q

T/F: the fibula does not take place in the articulation of the knee joint.

A

True

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5
Q

The support of the weight of the body on the vertically-posed ends of the 2 long bones is intrinsically an unstable arrangement, but the knee is secured by what 4 compensating mechanisms?

A
  1. 2-fold to 3-fold expansions of the weight bearing surfaces of the femur and tibia
  2. application to the joint of strong collateral intra-articular ligaments
  3. reinforcing tendons and aponeurosis
  4. strong capsule
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6
Q

The knee is strengthened by ligaments of the articular capsule and by ligaments inside the articular capsule. The ligaments of the articular capsule are?

A
  1. patella ligament
  2. oblique popliteal ligament
  3. arcuate ligament
  4. fibular and tibial collateral ligaments
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7
Q

Patellar ligament

A
  • extension of the quadriceps tendon

- strengthens anterior and lateral parts of capsule

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8
Q

Oblique popliteal ligament is part of what tendon? and it works with the arcuate ligament to strengthen which dimension of the capsule?

A
  • semimembranosus tendon

- posterior support

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9
Q

The fibular collateral ligament strengthens the _____ side of the capsule, while the tibial collateral ligament strengthens the _______ side.

A
  • fibular: lateral

- tibial: medial

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10
Q

Where does the fibular collateral ligament extend from and to?

A

-from lateral epicondyle of femur to attach to the head of the fibula

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11
Q

Where does the tibial collateral ligament extend from and to?

A

-from medial epicondyle of femur to attach to the medial aspect of tibia

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12
Q

The deep fibers of the tibial collateral ligament are attached to the _________.

A

-medial meniscus

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13
Q

When are the fibular and tibial collateral ligaments the most taut?

A

-when knee is fully extended

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14
Q

Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments limit _________ of the knee when the knee is flexed

A

-abduction and adduction

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15
Q

What are the 2 important intra-articular ligaments?

A
  • anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
  • ACL and PCL
  • medial and lateral menisci
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16
Q

ACL arises from the rough, non-articular area anterior to the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. It extends in what direction(s) to the posterior part of the medial surface of the ________.

A
  • posteriorly, superiorly, and laterally

- lateral femoral condyle

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17
Q

PCL is ____, ______, and _______ than the ACL

A

-stronger, shorter, and less oblique

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18
Q

The PCL arises from an area posterior to the tibial eminence and passes in what directions to the lateral surface of the medial femoral condyle.

A

-anteriorly, superiorly, and medially

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19
Q

What do the ACL and PCL do?

A
  • prevent movements of the tibia forward and backward under the femoral condyles
  • ACL prevents anterior displacement, and PCL prevents posterior displacement
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20
Q

The ACL is most taut when? what is it resisting in this stance?

A
  • knee is extended

- resists hyperextension by preventing anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur

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21
Q

When is the PCL most taut and what it is resisting in this stance?

A
  • knee is flexed

- resists excessive flexion by preventing posterior displacement of tibia on femur

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22
Q

Role of medial and lateral menisci

A

-intracapsular, crescent-shaped fibrocartilages that attach to tibia and act as shock absorbers

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23
Q

Medial vs. lateral miniscus

A
  • medial: shape of the letter C, less mobile, and is attached to deep fibers of the tibial collateral ligament
  • lateral: shape of the letter o, more mobile, separated from the fibular collateral ligament by the tendon of the popliteus
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24
Q

What trio of injuries is called the terrible triad?

A

-rupture of tibial collateral ligament, tear of the ACL, injury to medial meniscus

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25
Q

Like the elbow, the knee is also a ______ joint, and can thus be extended and flexed. Additionally, the knee can be _________.

A
  • hinge joint

- hyperextended, and some lateral and medial rotation occurs during flexion and extension

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26
Q

What are the compartments of the leg?

A

-anterior, posterior, and lateral compartments

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27
Q

What muscle types are mainly contained within the compartments?

A
  • anterior: muscles that produce extension (dorsiflexion) and inversion of foot
  • posterior: flexion (plantar flexion) and inversion
  • lateral: flexion (plantar flexion) and eversion
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28
Q

Another name for the ankle joint is…..

A

-talocrural joint

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29
Q

What articulations does the talocrural joint consist of?

A
  • tibial and talus (tibiotalar joint)

- fibula and talus (talofibular joint)

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30
Q

What plane does the talocrural joint allow movement in?

A

-sagittal

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31
Q

Plantar flexion

A

-movement in which the angle between leg and foot increase

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32
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

-movement in which angle between foot and leg decreases

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33
Q

The subtalar joint is formed by articulations between the _____ and ________ and allows for motion primarily in the ______ plane.

A
  • talus and calcaneus

- coronal plane

34
Q

Inversion

A

-movement in which plantar surface of the foot faces medially

35
Q

Eversion

A

-movement in which the plantar surface of the foot faces laterally

36
Q

Name the blood supply and innervation of the anterior compartment of the leg

A
  • deep fibular nerve

- anterior tibial artery

37
Q

4 muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg

A
  1. tibialis anterior
  2. extensor digitorum longus
  3. extensory hallucis longus
  4. fibularis tertius
38
Q

Tibialis anterior

A
  • dorsiflexes the foot at the ankle joint

- inverts foot

39
Q

Extensor digitorum longus

A
  • extends lateral digits 2 to 4

- dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint

40
Q

Extensor hallucis longus

A
  • extends great toe

- dorsiflexes the foot

41
Q

Fibularis tertius

A

-dorsiflexes and everts foot

42
Q

Name the layers, blood supply, and innervation of the posterior compartment of the leg

A
  • superficial and deep layers of muscle
  • innervated by tibial nerve
  • posterior tibial, fibular, and popliteal arteries
43
Q

List the 3 muscles of the superficial layer of the posterior leg compartment

A
  1. Gastrocnemius
  2. Plantaris
  3. Soleus
44
Q

Gastrocnemius

A
  • plantarflexes foot

- flexes knee

45
Q

Plantaris

A
  • plantarflexes the foot

- flexes the knee

46
Q

Soleus

A

-plantarklexes the foot

47
Q

Calcaneal tendon

A
  • common tendon of gastrocnemius and soleus

- connects gastrocnemius and soleus muscles to calcaneous bones

48
Q

Rupture of calcaneal tendon

A
  • caused by forceful pushoff during an activity such as sprinting when running or jumping in basketball game
  • bruising is often apparent and visible bulge forms in posterior region of leg due to muscle shortening
49
Q

If one tears the calcaneal tendon, why does a bulge appear int he posterior region of the leg?

A

-muscle shortening

50
Q

Most common treatment of calcaneal tendon rupture

A

-surgery

51
Q

4 muscles of the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the leg

A
  1. popliteus
  2. flexor hallucis longus
  3. flexor digitorum longus
  4. tibialis posterior
52
Q

Popliteus

A

-unlocks knee joint by laterally rotating the femur on a fixed tibia

53
Q

Flexor hallucis longus

A

-flexes great toe

54
Q

Flexor digitorum longus

A

-flexes digits 2-5

55
Q

Tibialis posterior

A

-inverts and plantar flexes the foot, providing support to medial arch of foot during walking

56
Q

Blood supply and innervation of lateral compartment of leg

A
  • superficial fibular nerve

- anterior tibial and fibular arteries

57
Q

2 lateral compartment muscles

A
  • fibularis longus

- fibularis brevis

58
Q

Fibularis longus

A

-plantarflexes and everts the foot

59
Q

Fibularis brevis

A

-plantarflexes and everts the foot

60
Q

The tibial nerve enters the gluteal region with the ___________ nerve in the sciatic nerve by passing through the greater sciatic foramen _____ to the piriformis muscle

A
  • common fibular nerve

- inferior

61
Q

The tibial nerve courses through the posterior thigh deep to the hamstrings before separating from the common fibular nerve where?

A

-superior border of the popliteal fossa

62
Q

Tibial nerve courses in the posterior part of the leg with the ___________ and then passes through the tarsal tunnel and into the sole of the foot after coursing behind the __________.

A
  • posterior tibial artery

- medial malleous

63
Q

Tibial nerve innervates muscles in what 3 anatomical locations?

A
  • posterior thigh
  • posterior leg
  • plantar foot
64
Q

Does the tibial nerve branch? if so, into what and where?

A

-yes; into medial and lateral plantar nerves distal to the tarsal tunnel

65
Q

What 4 muscles does the medial plantar nerve innervate in the sole of the foot?

A
  • flexor digitorum brevis
  • flexor hallucis brevis
  • abductor hallucis
  • first lumbrical
  • lateral plantar nerve innervates the rest of the intrinsic foot muscles
66
Q

Common and digital plantar branches of the medial plantar nerve innervate the _______________.

A
  • skin of medial side of sole of the foot

- medial 3.5 digits

67
Q

Common and digital plantar branches of the lateral plantar nerve innervate ______________.

A

-skin of the lateral side of the sole of the foot and the lateral 1.5 digits

68
Q

Does the common fibular nerve innervate anything in the posterior thigh?

A

-yes, the short head of the biceps femoris

69
Q

The __________ innervates the fibularis longus and brevis muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg

A

-superficial fibular nerve

70
Q

Superficial fibular nerve innervation of the skin…

A

-innervates skin of the lateral leg and dorsum of the foot except for the first dorsal webbed space between the great toe and the second toe

71
Q

The _____________ courses through the fibularis longus muscle and the anterior compartment of the lef with the anterior tibial artery.

A

-deep fibular nerve

72
Q

What does the deep fibular nerve innervate?

A
  • anterior compartment of leg
  • tibialis anterior
  • extensor hallucis longus
  • extensor digitorum longus
  • fibularis tertius muscles
  • ___________
  • extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis
73
Q

Does the deep fibular nerve only innervate anterior compartment leg muscles?

A
  • No, extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis muscles on dorsum of foot
  • and skin of webbed space between great toe and 2nd toe
74
Q

What does the sural nerve innervate?

A

-skin of the posterior leg and lateral aspect of the foot

75
Q

Sural vein receives contributions from what nerves?

A

-tibial and common fibular

76
Q

Sural nerve courses with the _________ in the posterior leg.

A

-small saphenous vein

77
Q

Nerve to the quadratus femorus muscle

A
  • L4, L5, S1
  • enters gluteal region after passing through the greater sciatic foramen
  • innervates quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus
78
Q

Nerve to the obturator internus muscle

A
  • L5, S1, and S2

- innervates superior gemellus and obturator internus

79
Q

Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

A
  • innervates skin of posterior thigh and upper thigh

- only branch of lumbosacral plexus that has both anterior and posterior division fibers

80
Q

Perforating cutaneous nerve

A

-innervates skin covering ischioanal fosal and gluteal region near anal canal

Anatomy Exam 2 (9 decks)

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