Interpretation Flashcards
How to work out ventricular rate on ECG
Number of QRS in rhythm strip x 6
OR
300 divided by the number of large squares between QRS complexes
What defines narrow and broad complex tachycardias
Narrow= <3 small squares= 0.12 seconds (120 milliseconds)
Broad= >3 small squares
How do we confirm left axis deviation
If Lead I is positive and Lead II is negative then IT MUST BE LAD
How to confirm RAD on ECG
Lead I negative and AvF positive it MUST BE RAD
What is a normal PR interval
3-5 small squares = 120-200 milliseconds
What time do small and large squares on ECG represent
Small= 0.04 seconds= 40 milliseconds
Large= 0.2 seconds= 200 milliseconds
Mobitz type 1 and type 2
Both types of 2nd degree heart block
Type 1= progressively elongating PR complexes until dropped QRS
Type 2= fixed long PR interval with drops
Mobitz type 2 is worse
what is a long QT interval
In males >440
In females >460
>500 associated with torsades de pointes
Just look at QTc at the top
How to interpret well’s score for PE
> 4 = PE likely -> CTPA
4 or less = PE unlikely -> D Dimer -> if positive then CTPA
How to interpret wells score for DVT
2 or more = DVT likely -> proximal leg USS in 4 hours -> if -ve then d-dimer -> if +ve then repeat USS in 6 days, stop anticoagulant
<2 = DVT unlikely -> D-dimer -> if +ve then USS
When to refer a death to the coroner (5 common)
Unknown cause of death
Violent death
Suicide
Undergoing treatment/ procedure
Attributable to employment
Poison/ toxic substance
Due to medication/ controlled drug
Due to neglect
Died in custody/ state detention
No medical practitioner can sign it e.g. hasn’t met the patient
Unknown identity
What pH is ok for NG tube
Less than 5
Minimum NG tube length
55cm
Must be more than that
But still measure from nose to earl lobe to xiphisternum
Bone X-ray interpretation
Alignment and joint space
Bone texture
Cortices
Soft tissues
How to distinguish the types of forearm fracture
Most common is Colles fracture (FOOSH forward) -> extra-articular fracture with dorsal angulation (extended wrist)
Smith is FOOSH backwards -> extra-articular fracture with volar angulation (flexed wrist)
Monteggia is a fracture of the ulna and dislocation of the proximal radius
Galeazzi is a fracture of the radius and dislocation of the inferior ulnar
What do the types of Weber fractures look like
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/weber-classification-of-ankle-fractures?lang=gb
How to classify hip fractures
Garden criteria
https://www.physio-pedia.com/Femoral_Neck_Fractures,_Garden_Classification
Garden criteria
https://www.physio-pedia.com/Femoral_Neck_Fractures,_Garden_Classification
