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Interpersonal Communication > Interpersonal Exam #2 > Flashcards

Interpersonal Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

misconceptions about listening

A

BOOK

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2
Q

listening

A

the process of receiving and responding to others’ messages

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3
Q

hearing

A

physiological process of decoding sound

must be able to hear to listen

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4
Q

active vs. passive listening

A

passive
-act as a recorder
active
-feedback to the speaker what they are saying

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5
Q

pseudolistening

A

giving the appearance of being attentive while not being mentally present

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6
Q

5 steps of listening process

A 
hearing
attending
understanding
remembering
responding
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7
Q

listening styles

A

people oriented
action-oriented
content-oriented
time-oriented

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8
Q

people-oriented

A

comfortable with and skilled at listening to people’s feelings and emotions
empathetic
positives
-develop deeper connection
negatives
-may be empathizing with something that’s not good
may be empathizing when they shouldn’t

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9
Q

action-oriented

A

preference for well-organized, brief, and error free information
dislikes long stories and hearing people digress
second-guesses about the other person’s ideas and assumptions rather than accepting things at face value
positives
-get things done
-good for professional environment
negatives
-appear as untrusting

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10
Q

content-oriented

A

comfortable listening to complex, detailed information
hones in on facts, details, and evidence
good judge of accuracy and credibility of information
positives
-good with accuracy
-good at dealing with a lot of information and keeping it all straight
negative
-can get caught up in details and miss the big picture

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11
Q

time-oriented

A

keenly aware of how much time they have to listen
want messages delivered quickly and briefly
positives
-get a lot done
-efficient with other people’s time
negatives
-can come off as uncaring

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12
Q

listening barriers

A

BOOK

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13
Q

types of responding

A 
silent listening
questioning
paraphrasing
empathizing
supporting
analyzing
evaluating
advising
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14
Q

silent listening

A 
don't respond verbally
stay non-verbally attentive
most under-utilized response
when
-grieving
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15
Q

questioning

A 
asking for additional information
reasons
-ground a person in reality
-clarify
-encourage elaboration
-encourage discovery
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16
Q

counterfeit questions to avoid

A

question that traps the speaker
-did you get caught cheating on the test last week
question that makes a statement
-are you off the phone yet
question that carries a hidden agenda
-hey what are you doing Friday… I need help moving

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17
Q

paraphrasing

A

restating the speaker’s statement in your own words
demonstrates understanding
can be used to clarify meanings

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18
Q

good times to use questioning and paraphrasing

A

when you don’t know what to say or how to respond
when you want them to feel validated
when you don’t understand

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19
Q

empathizing

A

used when we want to identify with the other person
we are reflecting back to the other person how they feel
requirements
-socially decenter
-has to be sincere
poor empathizing responses
-denying the other person’s feelings
–“it’‘ll be okay”
–demonstrates that you don’t get it
-minimize the importance of the situation

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20
Q

supporting

A

when we reflect back to the person how we feel
examples
-simple agreement - I think you’re right
-offer to help
-praise - I think you’re doing a great job
-reassurance
key
-it must match what the other person needs

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21
Q

times to use empathizing and support

A

times where nothing can be done to solve the problem

when someone needs comfort

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22
Q

analyzing

A

when you give your interpretation of the message or situation
when
-try and get them to consider different alternatives
guidelines
-always offer analysis in a tentative way
–“maybe”
-make sure the person is going to be receptive to your analysis
-make sure the goal is to help the other person

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23
Q

evaluating

A

when you offer a positive or negative appraisal of something
-“that’s a good idea”
when to offer evals
-wait for the other person to ask what you think
-make sure your feedback is constructive

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24
Q

advising

A

telling the other person what they should do next
most overused listening response
when to offer advice
-make sure the other person wants to hear our advice
-consider if the person will follow-accept your advice
-make sure the advice is good
–an opinion is not the same thing as good advice

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25
Q

good times to use analysis, evaluation, and advising

A

when someone is stuck and need help getting out of it

any time someone asks for help

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26
Q

which type of listening response to use

A

best to begin with
-questioning, paraphrasing, empathy, or support
then move to
-advice, evaluation, analysis

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27
Q

meanings are in…

A

people, not words

28
Q

words are…

A 
symbolic - represent something
arbitrary - have no meaning in themselves
context bound
culturally bound
abstract or concrete
29
Q

The Semantic Triangle of Meaning

A 
top - thought
bottom left - symbol (word)
-"dog"
--we picture what we are familiar with
bottom right - referent (thing)
bottom line is dotted - arbitrary
the thought is the only thing that connects the word to the thing
-the exception: onomatopoeia
30
Q

Speech Act Theory

A

language isn’t just a way of standing for something, language is also a way of doing actions
-promising, threatening, requesting, complementing

31
Q

rules in speech act theory

A

constitutive rules define what the act will “count as”

regulative rules indicate what we believe the other will or should do next

32
Q

indirect speech acts

A

doing one action while seeming to do another
what is said is different than what is done
“would you like some candy”
-stated as a question, taken as an offer

33
Q

Sapir/Whort Hypothesis

A

language influences our perception of reality

34
Q

word barriers

A 
bypassing
-occurs when a certain word or words can mean different things to different people
bafflegab
-highly abstract or jargoned language
lack of precision
allness
-using language to make unqualified or often times untrue generalization
static evaluation
-statement that fails to recognize change
-10 year reunion
polarization
-describing things in extrement
-"worst movie ever"
biased language
-"men's bball vs. girls' bball"
35
Q

differences in male/female language use

A

men speak in sentence fragments
men talk about themselves with “I” references
female speech is more tentative elaborate, and emotional

36
Q

self-disclosure

A

revealing something about yourself that someone wouldn’t otherwise know unless you told them

37
Q

characteristics of self-disclosure

A 
moves in small increments
-don't overwhelm other person
-allows for trust to be built
moves from less personal to more personal
is reciprocal
involves risk
involves trust
38
Q

reasons to self-disclose

A 
increase self-understanding
helps develop relationships
helps manage the impressions we send
catharsis
-the purging of emotions
-must be careful not to unfairly put our burdens on another person
39
Q

disclosure-liking hypothesis

A 
the more we self-disclose, the more they like us
exceptions
-non-normative self-disclosure
--when it breaks the characteristics
-negative information
40
Q

reasons not to self-disclose (risks)

A 
fear of negative judgment
fear of abandonment
-why people don't share that they are cheating in a relationship
concern over loss of control
-"I love you"
fear of angry attacks
41
Q

appropriate discolsure determiners

A

emotional
-are they emotionally ready to hear what I am about to say
relevance
situational
-is this the right TIME, PLACE AND RELATIONSHIP for my self-disclosure

42
Q

social penetration theory

A

self-disclosure increases as we develop our relationships
four dimensions
-depth
–how personal the information is
–how vulnerable the information makes us
-breadth
–the number of topics you disclose about
–some relationships have really narrow breadth
-frequency
–how often self-disclosure occurs
-valence
–positive or negative nature of the self-disclosure
–if self-disclosure is generally negative, it pushes others away
–we don’t disclose negative information until we know someone fairly well
we can use this to analyze the level of disclosure in our relationships

43
Q

“the Onion”

A 
depth and breadth
-as we move closer to the center we have depth
-each section of the onion represents a different topic
three levels of depth
-superficial (hobbies, interests)
-personal (dreams, personal opinions)
-intimate (we seldom reveal)
the model
44
Q

Johari Window

A

general model of self-disclosure and feedback (self-awareness)
divided in four frames based on how much self-disclosure and feedback we give
in NOTES

45
Q

4 selves in Johari Window

A 
open self
-physical characteristics
-name
-preferences
hidden self
-personal thoughts
blind self
-mannerisms
unknown self
-abilities
-genetic issues
46
Q

verbal vs. nonverbal communication

A

verbal
-characterized by the use of language
-includes both spoken and written language
-content-oriented
nonverbal
-any behavior that transmits meaning without the use of language
-relationally oriented

47
Q

importance of nonverbal communication

A

believed over verbal communication
-harder to control our nonverbal behaviors
ever-present in face-to-face interaction
nonverbal cues communicate feelings and emotions (93%)
-two channels through which we communicate emotion
-face - primary emotional channel
-voice
can enhance or inhibit understanding
can express what verbal cues can’t or shouldn’t
more effective than verbal communicaton

48
Q

interpreting nonverbal messages

A

nonveral messages are often ambiguous - may have different meanings
continuous
multichanneled
-we can only pay attention to 2 or 3 nonverbal messages at a time
-nonverbal cues can be both intentional and unintentional
-nonverbal interpretation is culturally based

49
Q

improving ability to interpret nonverbal messages

A

know the difference between observing and interpreting nonverbal messages
consider nonverbal cues in context
look for clusters of nonverbal cues
consider past experiences when interpreting nonverbal cues

50
Q

two primary nonverbal messages

A 
intimacy/involvement
-affiliation/positivity
-use when we like someone or want to draw closer to them
dominance
-signify status, position, and power
some cues for intimacy and dominance are the same
-eye contact
-close proximity
what differentiates the two?
-tone of voice
-smiling
51
Q

nonverbal communication codes

A 
facial expressions
-exhibit gallery for emotions
oculesics - eye behavior
proxemics - the study of personal space and intimacy
kinesics - the study of human movement and gesture
vocalics - the study of the voice
olfactics - the study of smell
haptics - the study of touch
chronemics -  the study of time
52
Q

facial primacy

A

idea that we get more nonverbal information from the face than any other channel

53
Q

types of facial expressions

A 
presentational
-expressing an emotion you're not really feeling
-not the genuine artifact
representational
-expressing an emotion you're feeling
-genuine artifact
54
Q

functions of the eye

A 
cognitive function
monitoring function
-monitor the behavior of others
regulatory function
-regulate the flow of conversation
expressive function
55
Q

uses of personal space

A

intimate distance - touch to 18 in.
-friends, family, romantic partners in private
personal distance - 18 in-4 ft
-friends, family, romantic partners in public
social distance - 4-12 ft
-acquaintances, strangers, small group
public distance - 12 ft+
-public speaking, presentation
the distance between people indicates the closeness of the relationship

56
Q

vocaliccs

A

voice clarifies the intent of the message

57
Q

olfactics

A

smell is important in respect to attraction

pheromones

58
Q

haptics

A

touch typically communicates affection, intimacy

-dominance

59
Q

chronemics

A

can communicate importance

-who we do and don’t spend time with

60
Q

deception

A

conscious and intentional
act that “fosters in another person a belief or understanding which the deceiver considers false”
you have to mean to mislead people

61
Q

forms of deception

A

falsification
-making something up that has no truth to it
omission
-the information given is true, but part of the story is omitted
exaggeration
-the embellishment of the facts
equivocation
-not actually answering the question
“do you swear to tell the truth (falsification), the whole truth (omission), and nothing but the truth (exaggeration)”

62
Q

reasons for deceptions

A 
partner-focused
-done when we want to avoid hurting that person
self-focused
-to protect ourselves
relationship-focused
-trying to limit relational harm
63
Q

nonverbal leakage

A

when we lie, we experience a cognitive strain as we try to say something plausible but false and also anxiety
as a result, our body creates extra energy that we have to release in small, subtle cues

64
Q

cues to look for

A

pitch increases

rate increases

65
Q

guidelines for recognizing deception

A

nonverbal cues

usually takes a wide swath of evidence to correctly determine a lie

66
Q

misinterpretation errors

  • Othello Error
  • Truth and Deceit Bias
A

Othello Error
-occurs when a suspicious observes discounts cues of truthfulness, given the observer’s need to conform his/her observations of suspicions of deception
truth and deceit bias
-whichever one we want to believe, we believe

Interpersonal Communication (3 decks)

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