interpersonal attractions Flashcards
socially meaningful groups contain group members who are ______________ to one another.
attracted
define interpersonal attraction.
a person’s desire to approach another person for various needs
define social isolation.
when one is deprived of close contact with others
what is an example of social isolation?
solitary-confinement cells on the past
why does social isolation lead to decline in physical and mental health?
- no physical support from others
- easier to get sick, longer to recovery - no emotional support
- sharing of common goal - absence of info that is crucial to do well and survive in an environment
what is anthropomorphism?
tendency to imbue non-human things with human mental traits and physical characteristics (mentalisation)
under anthropomorphism, humans are _________________ to faces.
hypersensitive
what were the IV and DV in the “lonely eyes see human minds” study by Epley et al, 2008?
IV - social loneliness
DV - anthropomorphism of gadgets
what is the result of the “lonely eyes see human minds” study by Epley et al, 2008?
- the lonelier people were, the more likely they saw the gadgets in anthropomorphic terms
- no correlation in mechanical traits
what are some examples of anthropomorphic traits and some of mechanical traits of the gadgets in the “lonely eyes see human minds” study by Epley et al, 2008?
anthropomorphic traits (human like features):
- a mind of its own
- intentions
- free will
- consciousness
mechanical traits (functionality)
- attractive
- efficient
what were the IV and DV in the “lonely eyes see human minds” study by Epley et al, 2008 (experimental version)?
IV - loneliness
DV - anthropomorphism of pets
does “lonely eyes see human minds” study prove loneliness causes anthropomorphism?
no. correlation not equal to causation.
what are some examples of anthropomorphic traits and some of behavioural traits of the pets in the “lonely eyes see human minds” study by Epley et al, 2008 (experimental version)?
anthropmorphic traits:
- thoughtful
- considerate
- sympathetic
behavioural traits:
- aggressive
- agile
- active
- energetic
wht is the result of the “lonely eyes see human minds” study by Epley et al, 2008 (experimental version)?
“cast away” viewers described pets with more anthropomorphic traits than behavioural traits
the experimental version of “lonely eyes see human minds” study by Epley et al, 2008 found that loneliness has a _______ and unique effect on anthropomorphism. when we are deprived of ________ connections, we create ______ around us when there is none.
causal; social; minds
anthropomorphism reflects our desire to connect socially. to connect with people, we have first be ___________ in them
interested
what are the 3 big factors that drive interpersonal attraction?
- characteristics of person
- need to belong: basic need to form and maintain meaningful lasting r/s w people - characteristics of target
- physical attractiveness - characteristics between person and target
- reciprocal liking
- physical proximity
- silmilarity
why are some people beautiful on the outside and inside?
- people like you more and treat you better because you are beautiful on the outside
- positive, healthy social interactions
- become very good at social skills. beautiful on the inside
- even more attractive and popular to others
what are some unrelated benefits pretty people get?
- better grades
- better jobs, higher pay
- more votes in elections
- lighter sentences for crimes
what are 3 causes of attraction wrt to characteristics between the person and his/her target?
- reciprocal liking
- physical proximity
- similarity
3 causes of attraction wrt to characteristics between the person and his/her target are:
- reciprocal liking
- applies not only in ____________ but also in interpersonal attraction
- we like those who ______ us - physical proximity
- encourages _________ of interactions
- mere anticipation of interactions breeds _____ feelings
- feeling ______ with someone is enough to invoke liking (mere exposure effect) - similarity
- smoother ________ _______________ wih others that are similar to us; don’t argue all the time
- social __________: feels supported due to similar views, opinions and attitudes about things
- compliance; like
- chances; warm; familiar
- social interactions; validation
in the mere exposure effect study by zajonc in 1968, what were the IV and DV?
IV - level of exposure
DV - liking
what were the results of the mere exposure effect study by zajonc, 1968?
frequent words rated more positively (more exposure, more familiar, more liking)
what are 2 implications of the mere exposure effect study?
- interpersonal attraction
- advertisements
what is the ultimate goal of humans, as suggested by evolutionary theories?
reproduction - produce offspring, pass on genes
what did Buss (1989, 1993) predict on sex differences with mate preferences? [hint: resources, social power, youth and health]
- women more attracted to men with resources and social power than those with youth and health
- men more attracted to women with youth and health than those with resources and social power
in the 70s to early 90s, sex differences with mate preferences suggested by Buss (men attracted to women with youth and health and women attracted to men with social power and resources) were highly stable and observed in many studies done in that period.
however, in modern times, studies suggest that sex differences on mate preferences are not set in stone.
1. when women’s _________ power increases, they prefer men with more appealing __________ ______________ instead of _________ and ____________
2. in short-term r/s, men and women both value _______ __________ over other qualities
- economic; physical attractiveness; resources; social power
- physical attractiveness
what is the main reason for sex differences in mate preferences in humans?
necessity before luxury
in the mate coins study by Li et al, 2002), what were the IV and DV?
the perceived _________ in our situation is the __________ in sex differences with mate preferences in humans
IV - constraints
DV - importance of traits
constraints; moderator
what maintains not only close, but also typical relationships and keeps them from falling apart?
social exchange
define social exchange theory
a theory that described r/s satisfaction in terms of subjective calculations of rewards and cost
in relationships, people want to ______ benefits and _____ costs.
give some examples of benefits and costs.
maximise; minimise
benefits: love, power, companionship, gratification, acceptance, support, anything enjoyable
costs: effort that keeps r/s running, conflicts, compromises, sacrifices
what 2 other considerations do people have in maintaining relationships under the social exchange theory, besides costs and benefits?
- the kind of r/s expected (what kinds of costs and rewards do i expect from this person?)
- chances of having better r/s elsewhere
in the social exchange theory, what happens when rewards exceed costs?
what about when costs exceed rewards? name 3.
- stay in r/s
2.
a) consider leaving r/s
b) increase rewards
c) decrease costs
d) consider CL alternatives (kinds of r/s expected and chances of better r/s elsewhere)
e) adjust expectations or deservingness (also cognitive dissonance)
eg. “i dont deserve happiness”, “i don’t need so much from this r/s” - leads to abuse
besides the social exchange theory, what is the other factor that maintains relationships?
investment model of commitment (rusbult, 1983)
in keeping r/s from falling apart and maintaining r/s, the social exchange theory is all about _____________ and focuses on the ___________ whereas the investment model is about ____________ and focuses on both ____ and ____________.
satisfaction; present; commitment; past; present
define investment wrt to the investment model of commitment by rusbult, 1983.
tangible/intangible resources put into r/s that cannot be retrieved if that r/s ends
eg. time, effort, money, common friends, memories, inside jokes
what does the investment model of commitment (rusbult, 1983) say?
more investment - stronger commitment
- satisfaction level in a r/s consists of which 3 factors?
- satisfaction level and which 2 other factors contribute to commitment?
- commitment is the deciding factor on whether to stay in or ______ a r/s.
- rewards, costs, comparison level
- quality of alts, investment
- leave
which determines the decision to stay in or leave a relationship? satisfaction or commitment?
commitment
2 kinds of relationships are exchange and communal. what are the differences between these 2?
exchange - strict reciprocacy expected (strangers, new r/s, business)
communal - expect and desire mutual responsiveness to each other’s needs (lovers, family, close friends)
