international security

Question 1

why do states need tools of statecraft?

Answer 1

• 99% of ir is about peace
• states rely on credibility to exert influence over other actors

credibility- ability and incentive to act

Question 2

what are the two levels of bargaining?

Answer 2

1. international bargaining between states
2. domestic bargaining between branches of gov, bureaucracies

good bargaining is CULTURALLY DEPENDENT

Question 3

how does diplomacy function under realism?

Answer 3

diplomacy has LIMITED VALUE

because states goals are inherently conflictual

Question 4

how does diplomacy relate to liberal theory & liberal institutionalism?

Answer 4

talking is good!

because clarifies issues, narrows diff, encourages bargaining

Question 5

how does diplomacy relate to constructivism?

Answer 5

diplomacy can change identities and preferences

because identities and norms are socially-constructed

Question 6

how does diplomacy relate to feminist theory?

Answer 6

diplomatic negotiations will reflect gender norms and culture

notions of competence are culturally and gender dependent

Question 7

what are sanctions?

Answer 7

commercial or financial penalties applied by a country against another state or sub-state actor

CAN BE COUNTERACTED

Question 8

what are smart sanctions?

Answer 8

focus on specific parts of gov (commodities, gov officials, rebel groups), rather than society as a whole

include asset freezes, travel bans, arms embargos, export limits

Question 9

what is compellence?

Answer 9

threatening force to persuade an opponent to GIVE UP something that is desired

require state to be credible

Question 10

what is deterrence?

Answer 10

threatening force to DISCOURAGE an opponent from an action

require state to be credible

Question 11

when is it ok to use force under international law?

Answer 11

1. in cases of self-defense (imminent attack)
2. when the unsc has authorized force against a threat to international peace

Question 12

what is globalization?

Answer 12

increased integration of the world in terms of politics, economics, and culture

upside: individuals can connect across borders
downside: individuals feel disoriented, more drawn to nationalist fundamentalist movements

Question 13

what are ethnonational movements?

Answer 13

drive by ethnic groups to form their own nation states

often labeled as terrorists

threaten territorial integrity of state and gov control

Question 14

what are fragile states?

Answer 14

states unable to maintain a monopoly on use of force with erosion of legitimate authority

Question 15

what are the 3 core features of war?

Answer 15

1. organized, deliberate violence by ESTABLISHED POLITICAL AUTHORITY
2. 1000+ deaths in 12-month period
3. both sides have capacity to harm each other

Question 16

what is the main takeaway of the geneva conventions?

Answer 16

legality of an action is determined depending on the balance between objective, means and methods, and consequences of the action

Question 17

what is the proportionality principle?

Answer 17

propotional: civilian loss of life < expected military advantage
not proportional: civilian loss of life > expected military advantage

Question 18

what are the typical characteristics of intrastate war?

Answer 18

• long-lasting, maybe even decades
• periods of fighting and calm
• stakes very high
• high human costs

Question 19

what are characteristics of conventional war?

Answer 19

• military tacticics/weapon focused on battlefield
• much more common
• power=victory

Question 20

what are the characterisitcs of unconventional war?

Answer 20

• targeting non-comabatants, keep fighting no matter what
• increasingly important over last century
• asymetric conflict

Question 21

what are characteristics of guerilla warfare?

Answer 21

• surpirise attacks
• small, mobile forces, civilians risk lives to protect guerillas
• opposing side cannot distinguish between civilians and combatants
• characterisitc of asymmetric conflicts

Question 22

what is the fundamental cause of war?

Answer 22

anarchy

Question 23

what are the two patterns of war?

Answer 23

1. rising power launches war to solidify postion
2. powerful country launches a preventive war to keep challenger down

Question 24

what is power balancing?

Answer 24

idea that war occurs when power is unbalanced so efforts to balance power reduce war

REALIST POLICY PRESCRIPTION #1

primary way to power balance: alliances

Question 25

what is deterrence?

Answer 25

threatening use of force to prevent adversary from taking an action

REALIST POLICY PRESCRIPTION #2

assumes rational decision-makers, nuclear weapons = mad, alternatives to war are availabele

Question 26

what is cyberwarfare?

Answer 26

state actions taken to penetrate another state’s computers or networks for the purpose of causing damage or destruction

generally targets infrastructure

Question 27

what was stuxnet?

Answer 27

a computer virus that silently sabotaged centrifuges at the natanz plant through infected USBs

set back iranian nuclear probgram ~2 years